1010 CREOSOTE 



and servo as anti-friction rollers for the upper bearing of the jib. The lowermost of 

 the rings K r, rests upon a set of rollers o o, which are fitted into the top of tho cast- 

 ing D, so that as the jib is turned round, the rings F F, and tho anti-friction rollers 

 which they carry, have perfect freedom to move along with it ; H is a platform, upon 

 which the persons working the machine may stand, and which supports the column i, 

 within which there is mounted a spindle K, the lower end of which has keyed to it a 

 pinion L, which gears into a circular rack M M, bolted to the top of the cylindrical 

 casing D. N is a worm-wheel keyed to the top of tho spindle K, into which an endless 

 screw worked by a hand-wheel, is geared, so that, by turning tho hand-wheel, the jib 

 of tho crane is made to move round in any required direction, o is the chain-barrel ; 

 p the chain-wheel ; E B pulleys or rollers which support the chain, and prevent its 

 rubbing against the plates of the jib. 



In tho cranes and hoisting machines described, tho chain barrels are inclosed within 

 tho jib, and the spindles of tho wheel-gearing are also inside ; and this is the dis- 

 position of those parts preferred ; but it will be obvious that they may be also 

 placed outside of the jib, in a manner similarly to that generally followed in the con- 

 struction of ordinary cranes. 



CRAPE. (Crvpe, Fr. ; Krepp, Ger.) A transparent textile fabric, somewhat like 

 gauze, made of raw silk, gummed, and twisted at the mill. It is woven with auy 

 crossing or tweel When dyed black, it is worn by ladies as a mourning dross, 

 Crapes are crisped (crepes) or smooth ; the former being double, are used . in close 

 mourning ; the latter is less deep. The silk destined for the first is spun harder than 

 for the second ; since the degree of twist, particularly for the warp, determines tho 

 degree of crisping which it assumes after being taken from the loom. It is for this 

 purpose steeped in clear water, and rubbed with prepared wax. Crapes are all woven 

 and dyed with the silk in the raw state. They are finished with a stiffening of gum- 

 water. White crape is appropriated to young unmarried females, and to virgins on 

 taking the veil in nunneries. 



Crape is a Bolognese invention, but has been long manufactured with superior 

 excellence at Lyons in France, and Norwich in England. There is now a large manu- 

 factory of it at Yarmouth, by power-loom machinery. 



There is another kind of stuff, called crepo-n, made either of fine wool, or of wool 

 and silk, of which the warp is twisted much harder than the weft. The crepons of 

 Naples consist altogether of silk. JErophanes, crape-ksse, and gauze are either white 

 or coloured crapes. 



CRAYONS. (Eng. and Fr. ; Pastellstifte, Ger.) Slender, soft, and somewhat 

 friable cylinders, variously coloured for delineating figures upon paper, usually called 

 chalk drawings. Eed, green, brown, and other coloured crayons, are made with fine 

 pipe or china clay paste, intimately mixed with earthy or metallic pigments, or in 

 general with body or surface colour, then moulded and dried. See DRAWING 

 CHALKS. 



CREAM OP TARTAR. The BITABTBATE OF POTASH. 



CREATINE or Kreatine, C"H 9 N S 4 + 2HO (C 4 H 9 1TO 2 + H 2 O). A base existing 

 in the juice of flesh and in urine along with creatinine. It was discovered by 

 Chevreul, but chiefly investigated by Liebig. 



CREATININE or Kreatinine, C 8 H 7 N S 2 (C 4 H 7 W 3 O). A base produced from 

 creatine by the loss of two atoms of water. 



CREEP. In working a colliery on the pillar-and-stall principle it occasionally 

 happens that the pillars are forced into the floor by the weight of the superincumbent 

 strata, and the pavement is gradually heaved up until it may finally settle against the 

 roof ; this rise of the floor is called a creep. See MINING FOB COAI. 



CREOSOTE or Kreosote. One of the many singular bodies discovered by 

 Reichenbach in wood-tar. It derives its name from xpeos, flesh, and ff(t>a>, I preserve, 

 in allusion to its remarkable antiseptic properties. A great deal of confusion exists 

 in the published accounts of wood creosote, owing to the variable nature of the results 

 obtained by the chemists who have examined it. This confusion is not found with 

 that from coal, which undoubtedly contains two homologous bodies, C 12 H 6 2 (C 8 H 6 O) 

 and C U H 9 3 (C T H"O) ; the first being carbolic, and tho second cresylic acid. Tho 

 composition of carbolic acid has long been known, owing to the researches of Laurent : 

 cresylic acid was afterwards discovered by Williamson and Fairlie. Commercial coal 

 creosote sometimes consists almost entirely of cresylic acid. Coal oils, of very high 

 lx>iling point, contain acids apparently homologues of carbolic acid, higher up in the 

 series than even cresylic acid, and yet perfectly soluble in potash. ( Greville Williams.) 

 There is little doubt that wood creosote consists essentially of the same substances as 

 that from coal. The great difference in the odour arises chiefly from the fact of the pro- 

 duct from coal retaining with obstinacy traces of naphthaline, parvoliue, arid chinoline, 



