EDGE TOOLS 187 







object, and upon testing it by the alcoholometer, it would be found as correct as by the 

 hydrometer. But in cordialising spirits it is different, for to the 50 gallons of proof 

 spirit 50 gallons of sugar and water would be added, thereby rendering the hydrometer 

 useless, except for taking the specific gravity of the bulk, and according to the quantity 

 of sugar present, so a relative quantity of water must have been displaced ; and as the 

 sugar has no reducing properties, the alcoholometer will only show the strength of the 

 cordial in relation to the water contained in it, as the principle indicates, irrespectively 

 of saccharine or extractive matter. 



Suppose, in making 100 gallons of cordial at 50 U -P-, 3 Ibs. of sugar are put to the 

 gallon, or 300 Ibs. to the 100 gallons, that 300 Ibs., displacing IS^th gallons of water, 

 only 31 ^th gallons of water instead of 50 have been applied; the sugar, without 

 reducing properties, making up the bulk of 100 gallons, which is meant to represent 

 50 per cent. u -P'. 



The alcoholometer will only show at the full point of ebullition the alcoholic strength 

 in relation to the water in the 100 gallons of the mixture, or 35 per cent. u -P-, leaving 15 

 per cent, to be accounted for on the bulk. 



As the quantity of sugar present must be determined before that percentage 

 can be arrived at, a double object will be effected by so doing, namely eliciting in all 

 instances the quantity of sugar present, as well as the percentage of spirit to be ac- 

 counted for. 



Example 1. In taking the specific gravity of a cordial, suppose it to be found 1076, 

 then submit the liquid to the boiling point, and having ascertained the percentage of 

 alcohol, and it proves to be 35 u - p> , the specific gravity of alcohol at that strength will 

 be found to be 956 ; deduct 956 from the specific gravity of the bulk, 1076, and 120 

 will remain ; refer that to its amount on the head line of the table No. 1, namely, 

 120, under which will be found 3, representing 3 Ibs. of sugar to the gallon ; and by 

 running the eye down the column table No. 2 to opposite the alcoholic strength in- 

 dicated (35 U -P-), will be found 14'9, which represents the percentage of water displaced 

 by the sugar, and which amount of 14'9, added to the 35 per cent, ascertained, makes 

 the total upon the bulk 49'9 per cent. u -P-, with 3 Ibs. of sugar to the gallon. 



For Gins, $c. Example 2. In taking the specific gravity, suppose it to be found 

 957 ; then submit to the boiling point, and it proves to be 14 U -P-, whose specific gravity 

 is 937> which, deducted from 957, leaves specific gravity 20 ; on the head-line of table 

 No. 2, under 20, will be found 8oz., or lb. of sugar to the gallon, and on running 

 the eye down to opposite 14 U -P-, will be found 3'0, which, added to the 14, makes the 

 total on tiie bulk 17 per cent. u -P-, with 50 Ibs. of sugar to the 100 gallons. 



To chemists for their tinctures, &c., this instrument will be found essentially useful. 



N.B. Care must be taken that the mercury is^ entirely in the bulb of the thermo- 

 meter before it is fixed on the stem for operation,' and in all cases (except for water) 

 the salt must be used. 



ECLOGITE. See EKLOGITE. 



EDDOES. A plant (Arum esculentum) which is found in most tropical climates, 

 and cultivated for food. It contains 63 parts of matter soluble in water, and 37 parts 

 insoluble. It ranks with the potato as an article of nutrition. 



EDEZTXTE. A variety of hornblende, occurring at Edenville, New York. 



EDGE TOOZiS ; more properly cutting tools, of which the chisel may be regarded 

 as the type. Holtzapffel, whose book on ' Mechanical Manipulation ' is the best to be 

 found in any language, divides cutting tools into three groups : namely, paring tools, 

 scraping tools, and shearing tools. 



First. Paring or splitting tools, with thin edges, the angles of which do not exceed 

 sixty degrees, one plane of the edge being nearly coincident with the plane of the 

 work produced (or with the tangent in circular work). These tools remove the 

 fibres principally in the direction of their length, or longitudinally, and they produce 

 large coarse chips, or shavings, by acting like the common wedge applied as a mecha- 

 nical power. 



Secondly. Scraping tools, with thick edges, that measure from sixty to one hundred 

 and twenty degrees. The planes of the edges form nearly equal angles with the 

 surface produced, or else the one plane is nearly or quite perpendicular to the face 

 of the work (or becomes as a radius to the circle). These tools remove the fibres 

 in all directions with nearly equal facility, and they produce fine dust-like shavings 

 by acting superficially. 



Thirdly. Shearing, or separating tools, with edges of from sixty to ninety degrees 

 generally duplex, and then applied on opposite sides of the substances. One plane of 

 each tool, or of the single tool, coincident with the plane produced. 



Mr. James Bouydell introduced a process which professed to produce cheap edge 

 tools of excellent quality, He welded iron and steel together in such a manner that 

 when cut up to form edge tools, the steel constituted a thin layer to form the cutting 



