300 ENVELOPES 



close to each point, cutting tho surface by tho aid of diamond-powder made into a 

 paste with olive-oil. Tho tools are very simple, and adapted to produce tho kind of 

 abrasion wished for by the artist. When thus engraved tho surface is polished with 

 box-wood tools and rotten-stone. Tho ancient gems are remarkable for a higher and 

 finer polish than is possessed by tho generality of modern works, as well as for a 

 more vigorous and sculpturesque effect. 



The arts of incising a design upon a precious stone, and of sculpturing it in relief, 

 originated with the nations of antiquity, and were practised by them with groat 

 success. Carnelian was their favourite stone for general use, but they also worked on 

 onyx, chalcedony, jasper, and blood-stone. They frequently used tho various tints of' 

 the stone to heighten the effect of their work, and produce relief. Tho ancients 

 have preserved tho names of many of the early Greek gem engravers who have 

 never been surpassed for ability. One of their most celebrated works is tho sardonyx 

 of three strata, which formed part of the cabinet of gems of the Empress Josephine, 

 acd which represents the busts of Ptolemy Philadelphia (B.C. 285 to 258) and his 

 queen Arsinre. Its shape is an obtuse oval, measuring 65- inches by 5. Another 

 with the same heads is preserved in tho Imperial Cabinet at Vienna, measuring 4.} 

 inches each way. But the largest and most important of these antique works is the 

 apotheosis of Augustus, preserved in the Koyal Cabinet of France, which measures 8 

 inches by 9, and represents more than twenty figures of men and deities, a wonderful 

 monument of patient labour and artistic power. So fond wore the ancients of these 

 costly and beautiful works, that tho Emperor Heliogabalus is recorded to have 

 covered his shoos with engraved gems. They were also used to adorn coffers and 

 other luxurious articles of furniture, as well as drinking vessels, patera, &c. 

 Fairkolt. 



ENXEVAGE. The discolouring or discharging stylo in calico-printing. 



ENSTATXTE. A name now applied to those varieties of bronzito which contain 

 little or no iron. Enstatite is the chief constituent of the French rock called Llicr- 

 zolite, and it has been also found in certain meteorites. The name, derived from 

 tv<rTaTr)s (enstates), ' an opponent,' refers to the refractory behaviour of the mineral 

 before the blowpipe. 



ENTOZOA. Those animals which live within tho bodies of other animals. 



ENTRESOIi. A floor between other floors ; a low set of apartments placed above 

 the first floor. The Quadrant, Kegont Street, has a good example of tho entresol. 

 In Italy the term Mezzanino, or ' little middle floor,' is used to indicate tho same 

 arrangement. 



EXTVEZiOPES. The manufacture of envelopes has so largely increased, that the 

 old method of folding them by means of a bone folding stick, although a good workman 

 could thus produce 3,000 a day, was not capable of meeting the demand; hence tho 

 attention of several was turned to the construction of machines for folding them. 

 Amongst the most successful are the following : 



Envelope folding. In the envelope-folding machine of Messrs. De La Kue & Co., each 

 piece of paper, previously cut by a fly-press into tho proper form for making an envelope 

 (and having the emblematical stamp or wafer upon it), is laid by tho attendant on a square 

 or rectangular metal frame or box, formed with a short projecting piece at each corner, 

 to serve as guides to the paper, and furnished with a moveable bottom which rests on 

 helical springs. A presser at the end of a curved compound arm, which moves in a 

 vertical plane, then descends, and presses the paper down into tho box, tho bottom 

 thereof yielding to the pressure ; and thereby tho four ends or flaps of the piece of paper 

 are caused to fly up ; tho presser may bo said to consist of a rectangular metal frame, tho 

 ends of which are attached to the outer part of tho curved arm, and tho sides thereof to 

 tho inner portion of tho arm; so that the ends and sides of the presser can move inde- 

 pendently of each other. Tho ends of tho presser then rise, leaving the two sides of it still 

 holding down tho paper; two little lappet pieces next fold over tho two sido flaps of the 

 envelope; and immediately a horizontal arm advances, carrying a V-shaped i>iv 

 charged with adhesive matter or cement (from a saturated endless band), and applies 

 tho samo to the two flaps. A third lappet presses down tho third flap of tho envelope 

 upon tho two cemented flaps, and thereby causes it to adhere thereto ; and then a 

 pressing piece, of tho samo size as tho finished envelope, folds over tho last flap and 

 presses the whole flat. Tho final operation is to remove tho envelope, and this is 

 effected by a pair of metal fingers, with India-rubber ends, which descend upon tho 

 envelope, and, moving sideways, draw tho envelope off tho bottom of tho box (tho 

 pressing piece having moved away and tho bottom of tho box risen to tho level of tho 

 platform of tho machine) on to a slowly-moving endless band, which gradually carries 

 tho finished envelopes away. A fresh piece of paper is laid upon tho box or frame, 

 and the above operations are repeated. This machine makes at tho rate of 2,700 

 envelopes per hour. 



