FORGE 465 



into a strong decoction and sweetening with loaf sugar. This seems to have deadly 

 power over the flies, who can scarcely quit the liquid without imbibing a deadly 

 potion, and they are seen to fall from the ceilings and walls of the rooms' soon after- 

 wards. Many of these compounds for killing flies are supposed by their odour to 

 attract flies into the rooms. 



The inconvenience to manufacturers and others from flies, may be obviated in many 

 cases where apartments are required to be kept as free as possible from them, by re- 

 ference to facts recorded by Herodotus, of fishermen surrounding themselves with 

 their nets to keep off the gnats. "We are indebted to William Spence, Esq. F.E.S., for 

 some very curious particulars respecting the common house fly communicated in a 

 paper to the Entomological Society. The common house fly will not in general 

 pass through the meshes of a net. The inhabitants of Florence and other parts of 

 Italy are aware of this fact, and protect their apartments by hanging network up at 

 the windows ; thus at all times the doors and windows may be kept wide open by hang- 

 ing a light network over the aperture. The meshes may be of considerable width, 

 say enough for several flies on the wing to pass through, and no fly will attempt to pass, 

 unless there be a strong light (another window opposite, or reflection from a looking- 

 glass). A knowledge of this simple means of protection from flies on the wing may 

 prevent inconvenience from these intruders, and obviate the necessity for poisons to 

 destroy them. 



FODDER, is the name of a weight by which lead and some other metals were sold 

 in this country ; but it is now rarely used. It varied in its amount in different 

 parts of the kingdom, being 19^ cwts. at Hull ; 21 cwts. at Newcastle; 22 cwts. at 

 Stockton ; 24 cwts. in Derbyshire. 



FOILS. Thin sheet copper silvered and burnished, and afterwards coated with 

 transparent colours mixed with isinglass, employed by jewellers to improve the 

 brilliancy of pastes and inferior stones. The foil is inclosed in the setting, and entirely 

 covers the back of the stone, to which it imparts much of its own brilliancy. 



FOLIATED TELLiraiinvr. See NAGYAGITE. 



FONDUS. The name given by the French to a particular style of calico-printing 

 resembling the rainbow, in which the colours are graduated or melted (fondzts) into 

 one another, as in the prismatic spectrum. See CALICO PRINTING for a description of 

 the process. 



FOCTTAIXVESXiEAU SANDSTONE. This stone consists of grains of 

 siliceous sand, agglutinated by carbonate of lime : the carbonate, in spite of its 

 association with the sand, crystallises in bold rhombohedral forms. In specimens 

 from the forest of Fontainebleau, in France, the proportion of silica may reach 50 or 

 GO per cent. 



FOOD. See NUTRITION. 



FOOXi'S-PARSIiEY. The JEihusa cynapium, a very poisonous umbelliferous 

 plant, common in Britain, and occasionally mistaken for parsley. 



FOOT-WAXiXi, a mining term. The ' wall ' or side of the rock under the mineral 

 vein : it is as commonly called the under-laying wall. 



FOOT-WAY, a mining term. The ladders by which the miners descend and 

 ascend. 



FORBESITE. A hydrous arsenate of nickel and cobalt, from the Desert of 

 Atacama, in South America. It has been named after Mr. David Forbes, by whom it 

 was described. 



FORBIDDEN 1 FRUIT. The large orange-like fruit of the Citrus Paradisi 

 is often sold under this name. 



FOREST-BED. The name given by some English geologists to the stratum 

 underlying the glacial drift at Cromer, in Norfolk. 



FOREST-MARBLE. An argillaceous laminated shelly limestone, alternating 

 with clays and calcareous sandstones, forming one of the upper portions of the Lower 

 Oolite. In Which wood Forest, in Oxfordshire, the finer bands are quarried as marble, 

 hence its name. 



FORCE (Eng. and Fr. ; Fewer, Ger.) is the name either of the furnace, where 

 wrought iron is hammered and fashioned with the aid of heat, or the great workshop 

 where iron is made malleable. The former is called a smith's forge, the latter a 

 shingling mill. See IBON. 



Fig. 989 represents a portable truck-forge of a very commodious construction. A 

 is the cylinclric leather bellows, pressed down by a helical spring, and worked by 

 means of the handle at B, which moves the horizontal shaft c, with its two attached 

 semicircular levers and chains. D is the pipe which conducts the blast to the nozzle 

 at E. The hearth may be covered with a thin fire-tile or with cinders. F is a vice, 

 fixed to the strong rectangular frame. This apparatus answers all the ordinary 

 purposes of a smith's forge ; and is peculiarly adapted to ships, and to the execution 



VOL. II. H H 



