686 GOLD 



and twisted lines of stratification, and composed in the main of quartz, felspar, mica, 

 and hornblende. Mineralogically speaking, it differs from the granite rocks with 

 which it is associated chiefly in this, that while the crystals of quartz, felspar, &c., are 

 distinct and entire in granite, in gneiss they are broken, water-worn, and confusedly 

 aggregated. Hence the general belief is, that gneiss or gneissose rocks are but the 

 particles of granite weathered and worn, carried down by streams and rivers, and 

 deposited in the seas of that early period. Page. 



GOAF. The waste space left by working a seam of coal, often filled in with 

 refuse sometimes called GOB. 



GOBBIKT or GOAFFXHT. The refuse left behind in working coal, and thrown 

 into the goaf. 



GOBEIiHf MANUFACTORY. This establishment, which has long been 

 celebrated for its tapestry, took its name from the brothers Gobelin. Giles Gobelin, 

 a dyer at Paris, in the time of Francis I., had found out an improvement in the then 

 usual scarlet dye ; and as he had remarked that the water of the rivulet Bievre, in the 

 suburbs of St. Marceau, was excellent for his art, he erected on it a largo dye-house, 

 which, out of ridicule, was called Folie- Gobelins (Rabelais.) About this period a 

 Flemish painter, whom same name Peter Koek, and others Kloek, and who had 

 travelled a long time in the East, established, and continued to his death in 1550, a 

 manufactory for dyeing scarlet cloth by an improved process. Through the means 

 of Colbert, minister of Louis XIV., one of the Gobelins learned the process used for 

 preparing the German scarlet dye from one Gluck, whom some consider to be Gulich 

 (who was said to have learned to dye scarlet from one Kuffelar, a dyer at Loyden), 

 and others as Kloek ; and the Parisian scarlet dye soon rose into so great repute that 

 the populace imagined that Gobelin had acquired the art from the devil. It is known 

 that Louis XIV., by the advice of Colbert, purchased Gobelin's building from his suc- 

 cessors in 1667, and transformed it into a palace, to which he gave the name of Hotel 

 Royal des Gobelins, and which he assigned for the use of first-rate artists, particularly 

 painters, jewellers, weavers of tapestry, and others. Beckmann. 



The national manufactory is now alone remarkable for its production in textile 

 manufacture of some of the finest works of art ; and not only does it excel in the 

 high character of its designs, but also in the brilliancy and permanence of its 

 colours. 



GOITRE-STICKS. The stems of the Sargassum bacciferum, supposed by 

 some to be useful in curing goitre, by virtue of the iodine which they contain. 



GOIiD. (Eng. and Ger. ; Or, Fr.) This metal is distinguished by its splendid 

 yellow colour; its great density = 19 '3, compared to water TO; its pre-eminent 

 ductility and malleability, whence it can be beaten into leaves only l-282,000th of 

 an inch thick; and its insolubility in any acid menstruum, except the mixture of 

 muriatic and nitric acids, called aqua regia because gold was deemed by the al- 

 chemists to be the king of minerals or in solutions of chlorine. 



Gold is almost always found in the metallic state, frequently crystallised in the 

 cube, and its derivative forms. 



Mr. J. Arthur Phillips, in his work on ' The Mining and Metallurgy of Gold and 

 Silver,' gives the following modes of occurrence of gold : 



' Native gold. An alloy of gold and silver, associated with small quantities of 

 copper, iron, and other metals. 



' Palladium gold. Gold and palladium ; porpezite. 



' Rhodium gold. Gold and rhodium. 



' Gold-amalgam. A native amalgam of gold and mercury. 



' Sylvanite, or Graphic Tellurium. An ore, being a tollurido of gold and silver. 



' Nagyagite. An ore ; telluride of lead, containing gold, silver, and copper.' 



In addition to these, gold is found associated with copper and iron pyrites ; 

 whether in chemical combination, or simply existing in mechanical mixture, does not 

 appear to have been satisfactorily determined. 



Native gold is almost always associated with silver. A few examples will show 

 how this native alloy varies. 



The Electrum of Pliny was not probably found native, although it is often stated to 

 have been so. It seems to have been an alloy, containing at least 20 per cent, of 

 silver. 



Transylvanian gold : Gold Silver 



Vorospatak . ... 60-49 3874 



South American gold : 



Antioquia 64'93 35'07 



MarmatQ 73 -45 26-48 



British Columbian aold : 



Stephen's Creek . 79'50 1970 



