1012 



IKON 



It is more than probable that iron containing only 0*05 per cont. of carbon has 

 almost lost the property of becoming fibrous by any treatment: for, without going BO 



1273 



far as to assert that the development of fibre depends on the presence of carbon, or 

 that carbon exercises a specific function in bringing about this molecular condition of 

 the iron, analysis shows that the toughest and most flexible bar-iron contains a far 

 larger quantity of carbon than that above indicated, as will be seen by the following 

 analyses by Gay-Lussac, Willson, Karsten, and Bromeis : 



Amount of Carbon in Bar-Iron. 



Carbon 



Best bar-iron from Sweden 0-293 



Do. do. 0-240 



Bar-iron from Creusot 0-159 



Bar-iron from Champagne 0'193 



Bar-iron from Berry 0-162 



Cold-short bar-iron from Moselle 0-144 



Soft bar-iron analysed by Karsten 0'200 



Hard bar-iron by Karsten 0'500 



Three different varieties produced from white pig-iron by the Swabian 



method of refining, analysed by Bromeis 0'318 



Three different varieties produced from white pig-iron by the Swabian 



method of refining, analysed by Bromeis 0'354 



Three different varieties produced from white pig-iron by the Swabian 



method of refining, analysed by Bromeis 0-400 



Three varieties produced from various kinds of pig-iron by the 



Magdesprung method of refining 0*324 



Machines for Forging and Condensing Iron. To prepare the puddle balls for the 

 rolling mills, they have to undergo the process of ' shingling,' or * blooming ' ; this is 

 effected either by the hammer or by the squeezer : the latter has almost entirely 

 superseded the former, as it effects the object at less cost, though, perhaps, with 

 hardly such goo;l results as to quality. These mechanisms are moved either by steam- 

 engines or by water-wheels. We shall offer some details concerning them. 



The main driving-shaft usually carries at either end a largo toothed wheel, which 

 communicates motion to the different machines through smaller toothed wheels. Of 

 these there are commonly six, four of which drive four different systems of cylinders, 

 and the two others work the hammer and the shears. The different cylinders of an 

 iron work should never be placed on the same arbor, because they are not to move 

 together, and they must have different velocities according to the diameter. In order 

 to economise time and facilitate labour, care is taken to associate on ono side of the 

 motive machine the hammer, the shears, and the reducing cylinders, and on the other 

 side to place the several systems of cylinders for drawing out the iron intu l>;irs. For 

 the same reason, the puddling furnaces ought to be grouped on tho side of the hammer, 

 and the reheating furnaces on tho other side of .the works. 



