MAMMEB 



193 



quadrangular smoke-flues, constructed of fire-tiles, or fire-stones, and covered with 

 iron plates, over which a pent-house roof is laid ; the whole bound by the cross pieces 

 b (figs. 1428, 1429). These flues are built above a grating cc, which commences at </ 

 in front of c' there is a bridge of bricks. Instead of such a brick flue covered with 

 plates, iron pipes may be used, covered with semi-cylindrical tiles, to prevent the 

 malt that may happen to fall from being burned, d d, are the breast walls of the kiln, 

 3 feet high, furnished with two apertures shut with iron doors, through which the 

 malt that drops down may be removed from time to time, e is a beam of wood lying 

 on the breast wall, against which the hurdles are laid down slantingly towards the 

 back wall of the kiln ; // are two vef tical flues left in the substance of the walls, 

 through which the hot air, discharged by open pipes laid in a subjacent furnace, rises 

 into the space between the pent-house roof and the iron plates, and is thence allowed 

 to issue through apertures in the sides, g is the discharge-flue in the back wall of the 

 kiln for the air now saturated with moisture; h is a smoke-pipe, from which the 

 smoke passes into the anterior flue a, provided with a side-plate for modifying the 

 draught ; the smoke thence flows off through a flue, fitted also with a damper-plate, 

 into the chimney i. k is a smoke-pipe of a subsidiary fire, in case no smoke should 

 pass through h. The iron pipes are 11 inches in diameter ; the air-flues/, 5 inches, 

 and the smoke-pipe h, 10 inches square; the brick flues 10 inches wide, and the usual 

 height of bricks. 



The following is an account of the total number of bushels of malt made in the 

 United Kingdom from 1861 to 1870, distinguishing such as were charged with duty 

 from such as were free of duty, exported on drawback or free of duty, and the quan- 

 tities returned for home consumption : 



The Quantities of Malt charged with duties of Excise in the United Kingdom, quantities 

 exported on drawback, and returned for home consumption. 



.. The petals of the plant known as Althaa rosea, belonging to the 

 natural order Malvacecs, contain a peculiar colouring-matter, soluble in water and 

 alcohol, but insoluble in ether. ' The aqueous solutions of the petals, freed previously 

 from the calyx and stamens, exhibit a violet-red colour, which is turned crimson by 

 the addition of acids and green by alkalis. The alcoholic tincture of the leaves is 

 purplish-red, and leaves on evaporation a deep red residue, free from nitrogenous 

 matter. Cotton mordanted with iron is turned blue or bluish-black by an aqueous 

 infusion of the petals. With an aluminous mordant a violet-blue, and with tin 

 mordants a bluish-violet is produced. Woollen fabrics, previously mordanted with 

 bichloride of tin, assume a deep violet, and when mordanted with iron a bluish-black 

 or grey; if mordanted with antimonic-acid salts, a bluish-violet is obtained; silk 

 mordanted with tin salts takes a violet. 



'For calico-printing purposes the alcoholic extract suits better than the aque< 

 infusion. The colours produced are faster than those yielded by logwood, but they do 

 not stand clearing with soap. 



' The colouring matter is yet, and was formerly far more so, in great request fo 

 the artificial colouration of wines. Latterly it has come into us^as a dye-ware, and 

 is chiefly so applied in Germany and more particularly in Bavaria. 



XKAIKIVXEE. A tree growing in Honduras. Its dried leaves are very powerfully 



s Including the estimated quantity used in beer exported. 



On the Hth of August 1855, malt was made free of duty for distillery purposes and for exporta- 

 tion, and spirits were allowed to be distilled free of duty for exportation. 

 3 The Board of Trade has not published any later return. 

 VOL. III. 



