386 NAPHTHA 



now Blidden laterally opposite to the end of the nail in the holding-jaws, and, by 

 another cam upon the main-shaft, the die is forced forward, which compresses the 

 end of the nail, and spreads out the nail into the form of a head. As the main- 

 shaft continues to revolve, the cams pass away, and allow the spring to throw the 

 jaws of the vice open, when the nails fall out ; but, to guard against the chance of a 

 nail sticking in the jaws, a picker is provided, which pushes the nail out as soon as it 

 is finished. 



In order to produce round shafts, as for screw blanks, bolts, er rivets, the faces of 

 the hammers and the dies for heading must be made with suitable concavities. 



NANKIN" is a peculiarly coloured cotton cloth, originally manufactured in the 

 above-named ancient capital of China from a native cotton of a brown-yellow hue. 

 Nankin cloth has been long imitated in perfection by our own manufacturers ; and is 

 now exported in considerable quantities from England to Canton. The following is 

 the process for dyeing calico a nankin colour : 



2. Take 300 Ibs. of cotton-yarn in hanks, being the quantity which four workmen 

 can dye in a day. The yarn for the warp may be about No. 27's, and that for the 

 wefl23's or 24's. 



2. For aluming the quantity, take 10 Ibs. of saturated alum free from iron (see 

 MORDANT) ; divide this into two portions ; dissolve the first by itself in hot water, so 

 as to form a solution of specific gravity 1 Beaume. The second portion is to be 

 reserved for the galling-bath. 



3. Galling is given with about 80 Ibs. of oak-bark finely ground. This bark may 

 serve for two quantities, if it be applied a little longer a second time. 



4. Take 30 Ibs. of fresh slaked quicklime, and form with it a large bath of lime- 

 water. 



5. Nitro-muriate of tin For the last bath 10 or 12 Ibs. of solution of tin are used, 

 which is prepared as follows : 



Take 10 Ibs. of strong nitric acid, and dilute with pure water till its specific gravity 

 be 26 Beaum6. Dissolve in it 4,633 grains (10^ ounces avoird.) of sal-ammoniac 

 and 3 ounces of nitre. Into this solvent, contained in a bottle set in cold water, intro- 

 duce successively, in very small portions, 28 ounces of grain-tin granulated. This 

 solution, when made, must be kept in a well-stoppered bottle. 



Three coppers are required, one round, about 5 feet in diameter, and 32 inches 

 deep, for scouring the cotton ; two rectangular coppers, tinned inside, each 5 feet 

 long and 20 inches deep. Two boxes or cisterns of white wood are to be pro- 

 vided, the one for the lime-water bath, and the other for the solution of tin, each 

 about 7 feet long. 32 inches wide, and 14 inches deep ; they are set upon a plat- 

 form 28 inches high. In the middle, between these two chests, a plank is fixed, 

 mounted with twenty-two pegs for wringing the hanks iipon as they are taken out 

 of the bath. 



6. Aluming. After the cotton-yarn has been scoured with water in the round 

 copper, by being boiled in successive portions of 100 Ibs., it mxist be winced in one of 

 the square tinned coppers, containing 2 Ibs. of alum dissolved in 96 gallons of water, 

 at a temperature of 165 Fahr. It is to be then drained over the copper, exposed for 

 some time upon the grass, rinsed in clear water, jind wrung. 



7. The galling. Having filled four-fifths of the second square copper with water, 

 40 Ibs. of ground oak-bark are to be introduced, tied up in a bag of open canvas, and 

 boiled for two hours. The bag being withdrawn, the cotton-yarn is to be winced 

 through the boiling tan-bath for a quarter of an hour. While the yarn is set to drain 

 above the bath, 28 ounces of alum are to bo dissolved in it, and the yarn being once 

 more winced through it for a quarter of an hour, is then taken out, drained, wrung, 

 and exposed to the air. It has now acquired a deep but rather dull yellowish colour, 

 and is ready without washing for the next process. Bablah may be substituted for 

 oak-bark with advantage. 



8. The liming. Into the cistern filled with fresh-made lime-water, the hanks of 

 cotton-yarn suspended upon a series of wooden rods, are to be clipped freely three 

 times in rapid succession ; then each hank is to be separately moved by hand through 

 the lime-bath, till the desired Carmelite shade appear. A weak soda-lye may be used 

 instead of lime-water. 



9. The brightening is given by passing the above banks after squeezing, rinsing, 

 and airing them, through a dilute bath of solution of tin. The colour thus produced 

 is said to resemble perfectly the nankin of China. 



Another kind of nankin colour is given by oxide of iron, precipitated upon the fibre 

 of the cloth from a solution of the sulphate by a solution of soda. See CALICO- 

 PRINTINO. 



IT APHTHA. The term ' naphtha ' originally included all inflammable fluids pro- 

 duced during the destructive distillation of organic substances, as well as the tfuid 



