PAPEE, MANUFACTURE OF 



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wrested -while the required separation is effected, and that, too, without the paper 

 accumulating in any mass, or getting creased in the slightest degree. 



The large drum, B, over which the paper passes in the direction indicated by the 

 arrows, has simply an alternating motion, which serves to gather the paper in such 



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lengths as may be required ; the crank arm, c, which is capable of any adjustment 

 either at top or bottom, regulating the extent of the movement backwards and for- 

 wards, and thus the length of the sheet. As soon as the paper to be cut off has 

 passed below the point D, at which a prcsser is suspended, having an alternating 

 motion given to it in order to make it approach to, and recede from, a stationary 

 presser-board, it is taken hold of as it descends from the drum, and the length 

 pendant from the presser is instantly cut off by the moveable knife, E, to which 

 motion is given by the crank F, the connecting-rod G, the lever H, and the connecting- 

 rod i. The combined motion of these rods and levers admits of the moveable knife, E, 

 remaining nearly quiescent for a given time, and then speedily closing upon the fixed 

 knife, K, cutting off the paper in a similar manner to a pair of shears, when it imme- 

 diately slides down a board, or, in some instances, is carried along a revolving felt, at 

 the extremity of which several men or boys are placed to receive the sheets, according 

 to the number into which the width of the web is divided. 



As soon as the pressers are closed for a length of paper to be cut off, the motion of 

 the gathering-drum is reversed, smoothing out the paper upon its surface, which is 

 now held between the pressers ; the tension-roll, L, taking up the slack in the paper 

 as it accumulates, or rather gently bearing it down, until the movement of the drum 

 is again reversed to furnish another length. The handle, M, is employed merely to 

 stop a portion of the machinery, should the water-mark not fall exactly in the centre 

 of the sheet, when by this means it can be momentarily adjusted. 



The paper being thus made, and cut up into sheets of stated dimensions, is next 

 looked over, and counted out into quires of 24 sheets, and afterwards into reams of 20 

 quires, which subsequently are carefully weighed, previously to their being sent into 

 the market. 



Connected with the manufacture of paper, there is one point of considerable inte- 

 rest and importance, and that is, what is commonly, but erroneously, termed the 

 water-mark, which may be noticed in the ' Times ' newspaper, in the Bank of Eng- 

 land notes, cheques, and bills, as also in every postage- and receipt-stamp of the present 

 day. 



The curious, and in some instances absurd terms, which now puzzle us so much in 

 describing the different sorts and sizes of paper, may frequently bo explained by 

 reference to the various paper-marks which have been adopted at different periods. 

 In ancient times, when comparatively few people could read, pictures of every kind 

 were much in use where writing would now be employed. Every shop, for instance, 

 had its sign, as well as every public-house, and those signs were not then, as they 

 often are now, only painted upon a board, but were invariably actual models of the 

 thing which the sign expressed as we still occasionally see some such sign as a bee- 



