PAPER, MANUFACTURE OF 497 



never identical. Now, the same die gives impression to the metal which transfers it 

 to the water-mark, with a certainty of identity unattainable before, and one could 

 almost say, never to be surpassed. 



And may we not detect principles in this process which are not only valuable to 

 the Bank, but to all public establishments having important documents on paper, for 

 what can exceed the value of such a test for discovering the deceptions of dishonest 

 men ? One's signature, crest, or device of any kind, rendering the paper exclusively 

 one's own, can now be secured in a pair of moulds, at the cost merely of a few guineas. 



Manufactured paper, independently of the miscellaneous kinds, such as blotting, 

 filtering, and the like, which are rendered absorbent by the free use of woollen rags, 

 may be divided into three distinct classes, vis. writing, printing, and wrapping. The 

 former again into five, cream-wove, yellow-wove, blue-wove, cream-laid, and blue-laid. 

 The printing into two, laid and wove ; and the latter into four, blue, purple, brown, and 

 whited-brown, as it is commonly termed. 



To obtain a simple definition of the mode adopted for distinguishing the various 

 kinds, we must include, with the class denominated writing papers, those which are 

 used for drawing, which being sized in like manner, and with the exception of one or 

 two larger kinds, of precisely the same dimensions as those passing by the same name, 

 which are used strictly for writing purposes (the only distinction, in fact, being, that 

 the drawings are cream-wove, while the writings are laid), there would of course be 

 no necessity for separating them. Indeed, since many of the sizes used for printing 

 are exactly the same as those which would be named as writing papers, for the sake 

 of abridgment we will reduce the distinctions of difference to but two heads, fine and 

 coarse ; under the latter, including the ordinary brown papers, the whited-brown, or 

 small-hand quality, and the blues and purples used by grocers. The smallest size of 

 the fine quality, as sent from the mill, measures 12J by 15 inches, and is termed 

 pot ; next to that foolscap, 16| by 13 ; then post, 18| by 15 ; copy, 20 by 16 ; large 

 post, 20f by 16 ; medium post, 18 by 22 ; sheet-and-third foolscap, 22J by 13 ; 

 sheet-and-half foolscap, 24^ by 13 ; double "foolscap, 27 by 17 ; double pot, 15 by 25 ; 

 double post, 30. | by 19 ; double crown. 20 by 30 ; demy,*20 by 15| ; ditto printing, 

 22 by 17J; medium, 22 by 17i ; ditto printing, 23 by 18i ; royal, 24 by 19 ; ditto 

 printing, 25 by 20 ; super-royal, 27 by 19 ; ditto printing, 21 by 27 ; imperial, 30 by 



22 ; elephant, 28 by 23 ; atlas, 34 by 26 ; Columbia, 34^ by 23 ; double elephant, 

 26f by 40 ; and antiquarian, 53 by 31. The different sizes of letter- and note-paper 

 ordinarily used are prepared from those kinds by the stationer, whose business consists 

 chiefly in smoothing the edges of the paper, and afterwards packing it up in some 

 tasteful form, which serves to attract attention. 



Under the characteristic names of coarse papers may be mentioned: Kent cap, 21 

 by 18 ; bag cap, 19 by 24 ; Havon cap, 21 by 26 ; imperial cap, 22 by 29 ; double 

 2-lb., 17 by 24 ; double 4-lb., 21 by 31 ; double 6-lb., 19 by 28 ; casing of various 

 dimensions, also cartridges, with other descriptive names, besides middle hand, 21 by 

 16 ; lumber hand, 19 by 22| ; royal hand, 20 by 25 ; double small hand, 19 by 29 ; 

 and of the purples, such significations as copy loaf, 16J by 21 J, 38-lb. ; powder loaf, 

 18 by 26, 58-lb. ; double loaf, 16i by 23, 48-lb. ; single loaf, 2l by 27, 78-lb. ; lump, 



23 by 33, 100-lb. ; Hambro', 16"by 23, 48-lb. ; titler, 29 by 35^ 120-lb. ; Prussian or 

 double lump, 32 by 42, 200-lb. ; and so forth, with glazed boards of various sizes, 

 used chiefly by printers for pressing, which are manufactured in a peculiar manner 

 by hand, the boards being severally composed of various sheets made in the ordinary 

 way, but turned off the mould one sheet upon another, until the required substance 

 be attained ; a felt is then placed upon the mass and another board formed. By this 

 means the sheets, when pressed, adhere more effectually to each other, and the boards 

 consequently become much more durable than would be the case if they were pro- 

 duced by pasting. Indeed, if any great amount of heat be applied to pasteboards, 

 they will split, and be rendered utterly useless. The glazing in this case is accom- 

 plished by friction. 



To complete the category of coarse papers must be mentioned milled boards, 

 employed in bookbinding, of not less than 150 descriptions, as regards sizes and 

 substances. Still, however, an incomplete idea is conveyed of the extraordinary 

 number of sizes and descriptions into which paper is at present divided. For instance, 

 we have said with reference to writing qualities, that there are ./we kinds, cream-wove, 

 yellow- wove, blue-wove, cream-laid, and blue-laid ; and again, that of each of those 

 kinds there are numerous sizes ; but in addition there are, as a matter of course, 

 various thicknesses and makes of each size and kind. In fact, no house in London, 

 carrying on the wholesale stationery trade, is without a thousand different sorts ; 

 many keep stock of twice that number. 1 



1 For further information upon this point, see the ' Practical Guide to the Varieties and Eelative 

 Values of Paper.' Longman & Co. 

 VOL III. K K 



