PERUVIAN BARK 



543 



Athenian Hair -wash. 



Rosemary-water 

 Sassafras chips 

 Pearlash 



. 1 gallon. 

 . 2 oz. 



Boil for half an hour ; when cold, add spirit or Hungary-water, 1 pint. 



(L.) Several other products of the perfumer's laboratory, such as hair-dyes, fixateur, 

 depilatory, court plaster, &c. ; but these cannot be well taught by books. S. P. 



PERFUMERY, INDIAN. The natives place on the floor a layer of the 

 scented flowers, about 4 inches thick and 2 feet square; cover them with a layer 

 2 inches thick of Tel or Sesamum-seed wetted ; then lay on another 4-inch bed of 

 flowers, and cover this pile with a sheet, which is pressed down by weights round the 

 edges. After remaining in this state for 18 hours, the flowers are removed and 

 replaced by a similar fresh layer, and the seeds are treated as before ; a process which 

 is repeated several times if a very rich perfumed oil be required. The sesamum-seeds 

 thus embued with the essential oil of the plant, whether jasmine, bela, or chumbul, 

 are placed in their swollen state in a press, and subjected to strong pressure, whereby 

 they give out their bland oil strongly impregnated with the aroma of the particular 

 flower employed. The oil is kept in prepared skins called dubbers, and is largely 

 used by the Indian women. Attar of roses is extensively produced at Ghazepore, and 

 is obtained by distillation. 



PERIDOT. A jeweller's name for the transparent green chrysolite (olivine), cut 

 as an ornamental stone. See CHRYSOLITE. 



PERMIAN". The Permian rocks were so called by Sir Eoderick Murchison, 

 from the Government of Perm, in European Russia, where these rocks are largely 

 developed. They had previously been termed the Lower New Red series. As, how- 



1616 



1. Coal-measures. 



2. Bed and variegated sandstone and conglomerates. 



3. Marly shale, ' marl slate.' 

 Pprmian rorks J 4l Ma gnesian limestone, often sandy. 



* 5. Bed marl. 



6. Thin bedded magnesian limestone. 



7. Eed marl. 



8. New Bed Sandstone. 



ever, these strata have nothing in common with the New Red Sandstone, except 

 occasionally colour, and as the magnesian limestone is often absent, the word ' Permian ' 

 now generally supersedes the older denomination. The Permian rocks form the 

 uppermost member of the -Palaeozoic strata, lying, when the series is complete, on 

 the Upper Coal Measures. They skirt the carboniferous rocks on the east uncom- 

 formably, from Nottinghamshire to the river Tyne ; and where complete the section 

 is as \nfig. 1616, in Nottinghamshire and South Lancashire. 



The sandstone, 2, contains plant remains, and the limestones, productas, spirifers, 

 nautili, and other marine shells of Palaeozoic types. It is from the Lower Limestone 

 that the stone for building the Houses of Parliament was obtained. It forms frequently 

 an excellent building stone, and may be obtained in places in blocks of great size. 

 It is also extensively burned for lime. 



Permian strata, believed to belong to the sandstone beds, No. 2, surround more 

 or less the Lancashire, North and South Staffordshire, the Warwickshire, and the 

 Shropshire coal-fields, &c. They are in places 1,000 feet thick, and consist chiefly 

 of red marls, sandstones, and conglomerates. The Magnesian Limestone is generally 

 absent in these districts ; but thin bands of it occur in Lancashire, and in parts of 

 Cumberland. 



There are magnesian limestones in other formations, not to be confounded with those 

 of Permian age. A. C. R. 



PERNAMBUCO WOOD. See BRAZIL WOOD. 



PERRY is the fermented juice of pears, prepared in exactly the same way as 

 CYDER. 



PERSIAN BERRIES. See BERRIES, PERSIAN. 



PERUVIAN BARK, or Jesuits' Bark. The products of several species of 

 the Cinchona. For a knowledge of the medicinal properties of the Peruvian bark, 

 and its value in curing intermittent fever, we are indebted to the Jesuit priests, who 

 introduced it to Europe in 1632 ; but it was not commonly used till the latter part of 



