RUST 



Our Importation of Bum was as follows in 1873 : 



725 



The wort is made, in Jamaica, by adding to 1,000 gallons of dunder, 120 gallons of 

 molasses, 720 gallons of skimmings ( = 120 of molasses in sweetness), and 160 gallons 

 of water; so that there may be in the liquid nearly 12 per cent, of solid sugar. 

 The formula prescribes so much spent wash as would be apt to communicate an 

 unpleasant flavour to the spirits. Both the fermenting and flavouring principles reside 

 chiefly in the fresh cane-juice, and in the skimmings of the clarifier ; because, after the 

 syrup has been boiled, they are in a great measure dissipated. 



The fermentation goes on most uniformly in very large masses, and requires 

 from 9 to 15 days to complete ; the difference of time depending upon the strength 

 of the wort, the condition of its fermentable stuff, and the state of the weather. 

 Tho progress of the attenuation of the wash should be examined from day to day 

 with a hydrometer. When it has reached nearly to its maximum, the wash should be 

 as soon as possible transferred by pumps into the still, and worked off by a properly- 

 regulated heat ; for if allowed to stand over, it will deteriorate by acetification. 



About 115 gallons of proof rum are usually obtained from 1,200 gallons of wash. 

 The proportion which the product of rum bears to that of sugar, in very rich, moist 

 plantations, is rated, by Edwards, at 82 gallons of the former to 16 cwts. of the latter ; 

 but the more usual ratio is 200 gallons of rum to 3 hogsheads of sugar. But this 

 proportion will necessarily vary with the value of rum and molasses in the market. 

 In one considerable estate in the island of Grenada, 92 gallons of rum were made for 

 every hogshead (16 cwts.) of sugar. 



Rum is largely used in the Navy. Its general consumption will, however, be shown 

 by the quantities imported, as given above. 



The duty, now fixed, if from British Possessions and from the country of its 

 production (July 17, 1860), is 10s. 2d. per gallon ; not from the country of production 

 is 10s. 5d. per gallon. Rum Shrub is imported at the same rate of duties. 



RUNNING-OUT-FIRE, in metallurgy. A. name given to the refinery furnace. 

 Sec IRON. 



RUSH. A common plant, extensively employed in the manufacture of mats, 

 baskets, &c. The Rush family Juncacees are natives of all parts of the world, 

 though they belong chiefly to the colder regions. Under the equator they occur as 

 alpine plants, while in the northern climates they are found in the marshes. Upwards 

 of 100 species of rush are described. The long leaves of many of the species are used 

 for tying plants in gardens, and for making the bottoms of chairs, mats, and the like. 

 The central cellular tissue, or pith, is used for candles, called Bushlights. Bulrushes 

 are a different plant (Typha) ; these are used for polishing wood, and also by coopers. 

 Tho Dutch rush (Equisetum hyemale) is also much used for polishing metals and stone. 



RUSSET. Madder Brown or Field's Russet, a pure rich transparent brown, pro- 

 pared from the madder-root. 



RUSSIAN 1 LEATHER. See LEATHER, RUSSIAN. 



RUST is the orange-yellow coat of peroxide which forms upon the surface of iron 

 exposed to moist air. Oil, paint, varnish, plumbago, grease, or indeed any body 

 which will shield the metal from the moist air, may be employed, according to cir- 

 cumstances, to prevent the rusting of iron utensils. 



Iron under all ordinary circumstances effects the decomposition of water, abstract- 

 ing tho oxygen, and combining with it. The rusting of iron is one of the many 

 instructive examples of chemical affinity which are constantly occurring around us. 



The Messrs. Myers have patented a composition for preventing rust on bright steel, 



