SANTALIN 751 



SANDAl, SANTA I,, or RED SANDERS WOOD (mta/, Fr. ; 

 7io/^, Ger.), is the wood of tho Pterocarpus santalinus, a tree which grows in Ceylon 

 and on the coast of Coromandel. The old wood is preferred by dyers. Its colouring- 

 matter is of a resinous nature, and is therefore quite soluble in alcohol, essential oils, 

 and alkaline lyes ; but sparingly in boiling water, and hardly, if at all, in cold water. 

 The colouring-matter which is obtained by evaporating the alcoholic infusion to dry- 

 ness, has been called santalin. See SANTALIN. 



Sandal-wood is used in India, along with one-tenth of sapan wood (the Casalpinia 

 sapan of Japan, Java, Siam, Celebes, and the Philippine Isles), principally for dyeing 

 silk and cotton. Trommsdorf dyed wool, cotton, and linen a carmine hue by dipping 

 them alternately in an alkaline solution of tho sandal-wood, and in an acidulous 

 bath. Bancroft obtained a fast and brilliant reddish-yellow, by preparing wool with 

 an alum-and-tartar bath, and then passing it through a boiling bath of sandal-wood 

 and sumach. 



According to Togler, wool, silk, cotton, and linen mordanted with a salt of tin, 

 and dipped in a cold alcoholic tincture of the wood, became of a superb ponceau-red 

 colour. With alum they took a scarlet-red ; with sulphate of iron a deep violet or 

 brown-red. Unfortunately, those dyes do not resist the influence of light. 



SANDERS \VOOD, See SANDAL WOOD. 



SANDARACH, or Juniper-Resin, is a peculiar resinous substance, the pro- 

 duct of the Thuya articulata, a small tree of the coniferous family, which grows 

 in the northern parts of Africa, especially round Mount Atlas. It is imported from 

 Mogadore. 



The resin comes to us in pale yellow, transparent, brittle, small tears, of a spherical 

 or cylindrical shape. It has a faint aromatic smell, does not soften, but breaks between 

 the teeth, fuses readily with heat, and has a specific gravity of from T05 to T09. It 

 contains three different resins : one soluble in spirits of wine, somewhat resembling 

 pinic acid (see TURPENTINE) ; one not soluble in that menstruum; and a third, 

 soluble only in alcohol of 90 per cent. It is used as pounce-powdtr for strewing 

 over paper erasures, as incense, and in varnishes. The Pterocarpus Draco is another 

 species of the genus : from this the Dragon's blood was formerly obtained. The 

 wood being wounded, a resinous juice of a red colour flows out, which- concretes 

 on exposure to the air. But little of this resin is now found in commerce, the 

 reed Catamus Draco producing all that is imported. Gum Kino is obtained from 

 Pterocarpus erinaceus, 



Sandarach is softer and less brilliant than shellac, but much lighter in colour ; 

 it is therefore used for making a pale varnish for light-coloured woods. See 

 VAENISHES. 



SANDIVER. The saline scum formed on glass-pots, known also as Glass gall. 

 The name is a corruption of the French ' Saint de vcrre.' 



SANDSTONE. A building-stone simply formed by the cohesion of sandy par- 

 ticles. The most durable sandstones are such as are formed of siliceous particles 

 cemented together by silica. 



SANITARY ECONOMY. This term is used to express and to include every- 

 thing which is done or can be done to the preservation of health. This includes the 

 supply of a large quantity of pure air, the maintenance of the waters of wells and 

 rivers in as uncontaminated a state as possible, and the removal from amongst the 

 living of all decomposable or dead matter as speedily as possible. 



SANTAIiiar. The chemistry of this product is by no means quite complete. 

 Pelletier was the first who discovered and isolated santalin. Meier prepares it by 

 treating the wood with ether ; the concentrated solution yields the substance in a crys- 

 talline yet impure state. The crystals are first washed with water, and next re-dis- 

 solved in alcohol ; the alcoholic solution is precipitated by acetate of lead, and the 

 ensuing precipitate washed with boiling alcohol, and next decomposed by means of 

 sulphuric acid in the presence of alcohol. After removing the sulphate of lead, the 

 previously-concentrated alcoholic solution deposits santalin in the shape of small 

 crystals of a beautiful red colour, fusing at 104. Dr. Dussance's plan of preparing 

 santalin is by precipitating the alcoholic extract of tho wood by means of hydrated 

 oxide of lead. After washing, the precipitate is dissolved in acetic acid, and to this 

 solution a large quantity of cold water is added, which indeed precipitates the colouring- 

 matter, but in a rather impure state, since tho edge thus obtained does not yield good 

 results. 



Santal-wood contains on an average about 16 per cent, of santalic acid. According 

 to Wegermann and Haeffely, the composition of santalin is C SO H H 10 (C IS H H O V ). 

 Dr. Bolley considers that santal-wood contains two different colouring-matters, one 

 of which is richer in oxygen, but poorer in hydrogen ; this is the material occurring 

 in the old dark-coloured wood. The other is found in the younger and paler variety. 



