754 SCARLET DYE 



being taken to exclude the rays of the sun, or violent alterations of heat and cold, 

 there is little doubt of well-selected -wood being seasoned successfully. 



Flower satin-wood is generally obtained from the roots, and has been found of a size 

 to yield planks 15 inches broad. Unfortunately, this is an exceptional dimension ; it 

 is not often seen in this country, for the cultivator's axe is destroying the finest satin- 

 wood to be met with, that near the foot of the Anamallai Hills. In tho Bombay 

 Presidency it seldom reaches beyond the size of a small tree, which, when straight, 

 would afford a log 3 by 3 inches square. The wood is very close-grained, hard, and 

 durable, and of a light-orange colour, so light in fact, that the word ' orauge ' can 

 hardly fairly be applied. Indeed, it is sometimes erroneously called ' yellow-wood,' 

 which is another timber altogether, larger and straighter than box -wood, but not so 

 close grained. 



Satin-wood takes a fine polish, and is suited for all kinds of ornamental purposes ; 

 but it is rather apt to split. For picture-frames it is nearly equal to American maple. 

 The timber bears submersion well, and in some instances it is beautifully feathered, 

 and the flowered or feathered satin-wood, when first polished is one of the most beau- 

 tiful woods. 



SATURATION is the term employed to express the condition of a body which 

 has taken its full dose or chemical proportion of any other substance with which it can 

 combine ; as water with a salt, or an acid with an alkali. 



SATTTRN, EXTRACT OF. The old name of the acetate of lead. 



SAW. Saws are formed from plates of sheet-steel, and are toothed, not by hand, 

 but by means of a press and tools. Circular saws have the advantage of being divided 

 in their teeth very accurately by means of a division-plate; this prevents irregularity 

 of size, and imparts smoothness and uniformity of action. The larger sizes of circular 

 saws are made in segments and connected together by means of dove-tails. All saws 

 are hardened and tempered in oil ; their irregularities are removed by nammering on 

 blocks, and they are equalised by grinding. The several forms of teeth do not, as the 

 casual observer may imagine, depend upon taste, but are those best fitted for cutting 

 through the particular section, quality, or hardness of the material to be cut. The 

 ' set' of the saw consists in inclining the teeth at the particular angle known to be the 

 best to facilitate the exit of the saw-dust, and thereby allow the saw to operate more 

 freely. Iron bars, shaftings, &c., are cut to length by a steel circular saw, in its soft 

 state, the iron to be cut being presented to the saw red-hot ; the saw rotates at a pro- 

 digious rate, and is kept in cutting condition, or cool, by its lower edge being immersed 

 in water. 



SAXXFRAGINE. See EXPLOSIVE AGENTS. 



SAXON* BXiVE. A solution of indigo in oil of vitriol. See BLUE PIGMENTS. 



SCAGXiZA. The red limestone of the Alps. See LIMESTONE. 



SCACIilOIiA is merely ornamental plaster-work, produced by applying a pap 

 made of finely-ground calcined gypsum, mixed with a weak solution of Flanders glue, 

 upon any figure formed of laths nailed together, or occasionally upon brickwork, and 

 bestudding its surface, while soft, with splinters (scagliole) of spar, marble, granite, 

 bits of concrete-coloured gypsum, or veins of clay, in a semi-fluid state. The sub- 

 stances employed to colour the spots and patches are the several ochres, boles, terra 

 di Sienna, chrome-yellow, &c. The surface, if it be that of a column, is turned smooth 

 upon a lathe, polished with stones of different fineness, and finished with some plaster- 

 pap, to give it lustre. Pilasters and other flat surfaces are smoothed by a carpenter's 

 plane, with the chisel finely serrated, and afterwards polished with plaster by friction. 

 The glue is the cause of the gloss, but makes the surface apt to be injured by moisture, 

 or even damp air. See STONE, ARTIFICIAL. 



SCARXiET DYE. (Teinture en ecarlate, Fr. ; Scharlachfdrberei, Gcr.) Scarlet 

 is usually given at two successive operations. The boilers (see DYEING) are made of 

 block tin, but their bottoms are formed occasionally of copper. 



1. The bouillon- or the colouring-bath. For 100 pounds of cloth, put into the water, 

 when it is little more than lukewarm, 6 pounds of argal, and stir it well. When the 

 water becomes too hot for the hand, throw into it with agitation, 1 pound of cochineal 

 in' fine powder. An instant afterwards, pour in 5 pounds of the clear mordant (see 

 MORDANT), stir the whole thoroughly as soon as the bath begins to boil, introduce the 

 cloth, and wince it briskly for two or three rotations, and then more slowly. At the 

 end of a two-hours' boil, the cloth is to be taken out, allowed to become perfectly cool, 

 and well washed at the river, or winced in a current of pure water. 



2. The rougie, or finishing dye. The bouillon-bath is emptied and replaced with 

 water for the rougie. When it is on the point of boiling, 5 pounds of cochineal in 

 fine powder are to be thrown in, and mixed with care ; when the crust, which forms 

 upon the surface, opens of itself in several places, 14 pounds of solution of tin 

 (muriate of tin) are to be added. Should the liquor be likely to boil over the edges of 



