1020 TOBACCO-PIPES 



found that the situation of all these countries where the monopolies and high prices 

 are kept up, is nearly the same, as to illicit trade in tobacco, as in England. 



Tobacco Imported in 1873 : 



Ibs. Value. 



Unmanufactured .... 81,382,733 2,618,799/. 



Ibs. 



Entered for Home consumption 44,719,756 



Deduct Exported on drawback, &c 535,146 



Total 44,184,6102. 



Duty: containing 10 Ibs. or more of moisture in every 100 Ibs. 3s. l-^d- per Ib. 

 Containing less than 10 Ibs. of moisture in every 100 Ibs. 3s. Gd. per Ib. This was 

 fixed March 27, 1863. The gross amount received in 1873 was 6,949,836^. 



The total quantities of tobacco retained for home consumption in 1842 amounted 

 to nearly 17,000,000 Ibs. Professor Schleiden gives a singular illustration of the 

 quantity of tobacco consumed. North America alone produces annually upwards of 

 200,000,000 Ibs. of tobacco. The combustion of this mass of vegetable material 

 would yield about 340,000,000 Ibs. of carbonic acid gas, so that the yearly produce of 

 carbonic acid gas, from tobacco-smoking alone, cannot be estimated at less than 

 1,000,000,000 Ibs. : a large contribution to the annual demand for this gas made upon 

 the atmosphere by the vegetation of the world. 



It has been observed by Lane, the learned annotator of the ' Arabian Nights,' (and 

 the observation was confirmed by the experience of Mr. Layard, M.P., the explorer of 

 Assyria), that the growth and use of tobacco amongst Oriental nations has gradually 

 reduced the resort to intoxicating beverages ; and Mr. Crawford, in a paper ' On the 

 History and Consumption of Tobacco,' in the Journal of the Statistical Society for 

 March 1853, remarked, that simultaneously with the decline in the use of spirits in 

 Great Britain, there had been a corresponding increase in the use of tobacco. 



Quantity of Consumption 



Tear Population Tobacco consumed per head 



1821 . . 21,282,960 . . 15,598,152 . . 1171 oz. 

 1831 . . 24,410,439 . . 19,533,841 . . 12'80 

 1841 . . 27.016,972 . . 22,309,360 . . 13-21 

 1851 . . 27,452,262 . . 28,062,978 . . 16-86 ., 



The actual quantity now consumed is not easily obtainable. It has certainly 

 greatly increased, and all medical evidence goes to show that it acts injuriously on 

 the health of the people. 



TOBACCO-PIPES are made of a fine-grained plastic white clay, to which they 

 have given the name. It is worked with water into a thin paste, which is allowed to 

 settle in pits, or it may be passed through a sieve, to separate the siliceous or other 

 stony impurities ; the water is afterwards evaporated till the clay becomes of a doughy 

 consistency, when it must be well kneaded to make it uniform. Pipe-clay is found 

 chiefly in the Isle of Purbeck, in Dorsetshire, and at Newton Abbot, in Devonshire. 

 It is distinguished by its perfectly white colour, and its great adhesion to the tongue 

 after it is baked, owing to the large proportion of alumina which it contains. See CI.AY, 



A child fashions a ball of clay from the heap, rolls it out into a slender cylinder 

 upon'a plank, with the palms of his hands, in order to form the stem of the pipe. He 

 sticks a small lump to the end of the cylinder for forming the bowl ; which having 

 done, he lays the pieces aside for a day or two, to get more consistency. In propor- 

 tion as he makes these rough figures, he arranges them by dozens on a board, and 

 hands them to the pipemaker. 



The pipe is finished by means of a folding brass or iron mould, channelled inside, 

 of the shape of the stem of the bowl, and capable of being opened at the two ends. 

 It is formed of two pieces, each hollowed out like a half-pipe, cut as it were length- 

 wise ; and these two jaws, when brought together, constitute the exact space for making 

 one pipe. There are small pins in one side of the mould, corresponding to boles iu 

 the other, which serve as guides for applying the two together with precision. 



The workman takes a long iron wire, with its end oiled, and pushes it through the 

 soft clay in the direction of the stem, to form the bore, and he directs the wire by 

 feeling with his left hand the progress of its point. Ho lays the pipe in the groove 

 of one of the jaws of the mould, with the wire sticking in it ; applies the other jaw, 

 brings them smartly together, and unites them by a clamp or vice, which produces 

 the external form. A lever is now brought down, which presses an oiled stopper 

 into the bowl of the pipe while it is in the mould, forcing it sufficiently down to 

 form the cavity ; the wire boing meanwhile thrust backwards and forwards so as to 

 pierce the tube completely through. The wire must become visible at the bottom of 



