1022 TOOTH, ARTIFICIAL MANUFACTURE 



A thin slice is taken from the stump daily, and the toddy is removed twice a day. 

 A cocoa-nut frequently pushes out a new spadix once a mouth ; and after each spadix 

 begins to bleed, it continues to produce freely for a Inonth, by which time another is 

 ready to supply its place. The old spadix continues to give a little juice for another 

 month, after which it withers ; so that there are sometimes two pots attached to a tree 

 at one time, but never more. Each of these spadices, if allowed to grow, would pro- 

 duce a bunch of nuts from two to twenty. Trees in a good soil produce twelve 

 bunches in the year ; but when less favourably situated, they often do not give more 

 than six bunches. The quantity of six English pints of toddy is sometimes yielded 

 by a tree daily. 



Toddy is much in demand as a beverage in the neighbourhood of villages, especially 

 where European troops are stationed. When it is drunk before sunrise, it is a cool, 

 delicious, and particularly wholesome beverage; but by eight or nine o'clock fermen- 

 tation has made some progress, and it is then highly intoxicating. 1 



TOIiIT is a brownish-red balsam, extracted from the stem of the Myroxylon tolui- 

 feram, a tree which grows in South America. It is composed of resin, oil, and benzoic 

 acid. Having an agreeable odour, it is sometimes used in perfumery. It has a place 

 in the Materia Medica. 



TOIiUlDlNE. C U H 9 N (C'H"!!). A volatile base isomeric with lutidine, 

 formed from toluole, by processes analogous in all respects to those by which aniline 

 is produced from benzole. 



TOIiUOLE. C U H 8 (C'H 8 ). Syn. Hydruret of toluenyle. A hydrocarbon pro- 

 duced in the destructive distillation of the resin of tolu. It is also produced by the 

 decomposition of toluylic acid by baryta at a high temperature. Coal-naphtha contains 

 it in large quantity. For its physical properties, see CARBO-HYDHIDES. 



TOMBAC, or White Copper. An alloy of copper and zinc, containing 85 per cent, 

 of the former and 15 of the latter. 



TON. An English weight of 20 cwts., according to the statute, or 2,240 Ibs. It 

 varies in different districts : 



South Wales, from 2,400 ibs. to 2,618 Ibs. 



Ayrshire, from 2,464 Ibs. to 2,520 Ibs. 



North Staffordshire, coal, 2,400 Ibs. 

 Do. do. stone, 2,520 Ibs. 



Copper ores are sold by the ton of 21 cwts. of 112 Ibs. or 2,352 Ibs. 



In Newcastle the leases are by the ton of 440 bolls of 36 gallons each = 48 tons, 

 11 cwts. 2 qrs. 17 Ibs. statute. 



TONKA or TONO.UIN BEAN. The fruit of the Dipteryx odorata affords a 

 concrete crystalline volatile oil (stearoptene), called Coumarine by the French. It is 

 extracted by digestion with alcohol, which dissolves the stearoptene and leaves a fat 

 oil. It has an agreeable smell, and a warm taste. It is fusible at 122 Fahr., and 

 volatile at higher heats. 



TOOTH, ARTIFICIAL MANUFACTURE. Teeth should be made of the 

 best ivory. The following, however, is one of the processes adopted for the artificial 

 manufacture of teeth. Pure quartz is calcined by a moderate heat. When taken 

 from the fire it is thrown into cold water, which breaks it into numberless pieces. 

 The pieces of calcined quartz are ground into fine powder. Next fluor-spar, free from 

 all impurities, is ground up in like manner into a fine powder. 



The next step is to mix together nearly equal parts, by weight, of the powdered 

 spar and quartz. This mixture is again ground to a greater fineness. Oxide of tin 

 is now added to it, for the purpose of producing an appropriate colour, and water and 

 china clay to make it plastic and give it consistency. This mixture resembles soft 

 paste, which is transferred to the hands of females, who are engaged in filling moulds 

 with it. After the paste has been moulded into proper shape, two small platina 

 rivets are inserted near the base of each tooth, for the purpose of fastening it (by the 

 dentist), to a plate in the mouth. They are now transferred to a furnace, where they 

 are ' cured,' as it is technically called ; that is, half-baked or hardened. The tooth 

 are now ready to receive the enamel, which is applied by women ; it consists of spar 

 and quartz which has been ground, pulverised, and reduced to the state of a soft paste, 

 which is evenly spread over the half-baked body of the tooth, by means of a delicate 

 brush. The teeth must bo next subjected to an intense heat. They are put into 

 ovens, lined with platina and heated by a furnace, in which the necessary heat is 

 obtained. The baking process is superintended by a workman, who occasionally 

 removes a tooth to ascertain whether those within have been sufficiently baked. This 

 is indicated by the appearance of the tooth. 



1 Contributions to the History of the Cocoa-nut Tree. By Henry Marshall, Esq. Deputy Inspector 

 ot Hospitals. 



