1082 VINEGAR 



The Imports of vinegar \vere : 



1870 1873 



Computed 



Gals. real value Gals. Valued at 



From Prance . . . 46,146 4.230Z. 46,168 4.271Z. 



other parts . . 7,049 469*. 13,394 1.434J. 



Of the quantity for 1873 54,956 gallons were entered for Home consumption, paying 

 6871. as duty. 



The average price fixed for the value has been Is. 10<. for the French vinegar, and 

 1*. 4d for the other sorts. Since July 6, 1856, the duty on all vinegar imported has 

 been 3d. per gallon. 



That the importation of this article varies considerably is shown by the following 

 statement : 



In 1843 we Imported 21,784 gallons; in 1845, 195,967 gallons ; in 1856, 35,516 

 gallons; and in 1869, 49,316 gallons. 



Of the vinegar made in the United Kingdom, the Exports for the three years ending 



1870 were as follow : 







1868 . . Gallons, 6,903, computed real value, 647 



1869 . . 735 64 



1870 . . 1,560 137 

 1874 . . 3,450 251 



VINEGAR, AROMATIC. Strong acetic acid combined with certain aromatics. 

 See ACETIC ACID. 



VXOXiET DYE is produced by a mixture of red and blue colouring-matters 

 which are applied in succession. Silk is dyed a fugitive violet with either archil or 

 brazil wood ; but a fine fast violet, first by a crimson with cochineal, without tartar 

 or tin mordant, and, after washing, it is dipped in the indigo-vat. A finish is some- 

 times given with archil. A violet is also given to silk, by passing it through a 

 solution of verdigris, then through a bath of logwood, and, lastly, through alum- 

 water. A more beautiful violet may be communicated by passing the alumed silk 

 through a bath of brazil wood, and, after washing it in the river, through a bath of 

 archil. Now, all the violets are produced from the aniline series. See ANILINE, 

 MTTEEXIDK, PUBPLE. 



VIOLINE. See ANILINE VIOLET. 



VIRIDINE. See CARBOLIC ACID. 



VITRIFXABI.E COLOURS. See ENAMELS, PASTES, PoTTEBY, and STAINED 



GLASS. 



vlTRlFlABIiE PIGMENTS. The art of painting with verifiable pigments 

 has not kept pace with the progress of science, and is far from having attained that 

 degree of perfection of which it is capable. It still presents too many difficulties to 

 prove a fertile field to the artist for his labours ; and its products have, for this reason, 

 never held that rank in art which is due to them from the indestructibility and bril- 

 liancy of the colours. The reason of this is attributable to the circumstance that tho 

 production of good verifiable pigments is mere chance work ; and, notwithstanding the 

 numerous papers published on the subject, is still the secret of tho few. The direc- 

 tions given in larger works and periodicals are very incomplete and indefinite ; and 

 even in the otherwise highly valu;;l,lo Tsalti de3 Arts CSfaMfMM of Bronguiart, the 

 chapter on the preparation of colours is far from satisfactory, and is certainly no 

 frank communication of the experience gathered in tho Royal Manufactory of Sevres. 



The branch of painting with verifiable pigments which has acquired its greatest 

 development is the art of painting on porcelain. The glaze of hard felspar porce- 

 lain, owing to its difficult fusion, produces less alteration \ipon the tone of a colour of 

 the easily fusible pigments than is the case in painting upon glass, enamel, faience, 

 &c. The colours for painting upon porcelain arc all of them, after the firing, coloured 

 lead-glasses throughout ; but before this operation, most of them are mere mixtures 

 of colourless lead-glass, the flux, and a pigment. In the so-called gold colours, purple, 

 violet and pink, the pigments are preparations of gold, the production of which has 

 hitherto been considered as especially difficult and uncertain. The following are the 

 processes recommended. 



Light Purple. 5 grammes of tin turnings are dissolved in boiling nitromuriatic 

 acid, and the solution concentrated in the water-bath until it solidifies on cooling. The 

 perchlorjde of tin prepared in this manner, and which still contains a slight excess of 

 muriatic acid, is dissolved iu a little distilled water, and mixed with 2 grammes of 

 solution of protochlorido of tin of 1'700 sp. gr., obtained by boiling tin-turnings in 

 excess with muriatic acid to the required degree of concentration. This mixed solu- 



