1164 WOOLLEN MANUFACTURE 



upon the axis of the roller A, and turned by the intermediate cog-wheels b, c, and d ; 

 the latter communicates between the rollers c and D. The pinions on the rollers c and 

 n, being only one-third the size of the wheel a, c and D turn three times as fast as A, 

 for k, c, and d are only intermediate wheels. The rollers B turn at the same rate as 

 A. The upper roller c is loaded with a heavy weight, similar to the rollers A ; but the 

 other rollers, B and D, are no further loaded than the weight of the rollers. 



The two pairs of rollers A, B, and c, D, are mounted in separate frames ; and that 

 frame which contains the third and fourth pairs c, D, slides upon the cast-iron frame F, 

 which supports the machine, in order to increase or diminish the distance between the 

 rollers B and c. There is a screw /, by which the frame of the rollers is moved, so 

 as to adjust the machine according to the length of the fibre of the wool. The spaco 

 between B and c should be rather more than the length of the fibres of the wool. 

 The intermediate wheels b and c are supported upon pieces of iron, which are moveable 

 on centres ; the centre for the piece which supports the wheel b is concentric with 

 the axis of the roller A; and the supporting piece for the wheel c is fitted on the centre 

 of the wheel d. By moving these pieces the intermediate wheels b and c can be 

 always kept in contact, although the distance between the rollers is varied at times. 

 By means of this breaking-frame, the perpetual sliver, which is made up by planking 

 the sliver together, is equalised, and drawn out three times in length, and delivered 

 into the can o. 



Drawing-frame. Three of these cans are removed to the drawing-frame, which is 

 similar to the breaking-frame, except that there is no planking-table E. There are 

 five sets of rollers, all fixed xipon one common frame F, the breaking-frame, which we 

 have described, being the first. As. fast as the sliver comes through one set of rollers 

 it is received into a can. and then three of these cans are put together and passed 

 again through another set of rollers. In the whole the wool must pass through the 

 breaker and four drawing-frames before the roving is begun. The draught being 

 usually four times at each operation of drawing, and three times in the breaking, 

 the whole will be 3x4x4x4x4 = 7^8 ; but to suit different sorts of wool the three 

 last drawing-frames are capable of making a greater draught, even to five times, 

 by changing the pinions; accordingly the draught will be 3x4x5x5x5 = 1500 

 times. 



The size of the sliver is diminished by these repeated drawings, because only three 

 slivers are put. together, and they are drawn out four times ; so that in the whole the 

 sliver is reduced to a fourth or a ninth of its original bulk. 



The breaking-frame and drawing-frame which are used when the slivers are pre- 

 pared by the combing-machines, are differently constructed ; they have no planking- 

 table, but receive three of the perpetual slivers of the combing-machine from as many 

 tin cans, and draw them out from ten to twelve times. In this case all the four rollers 

 contribute to the operation of drawing: thus the second rollers B move 2| times as 

 fast as the rollers A ; the third rollers c move 8 times as fast as A ; and the fourth 

 rollers E move 10 times as fast as A. In this case the motion is given to the different 

 rollers by means of bevelled wheels, and a horizontal axis, which extends across 

 the ends of all the four rollers, to communicate motion from one pair of rollers to 

 another. 



There are three of these systems of rollers, which arc all mounted on the same 

 frame ; and the first one through which the wool passes is called the ' breaking-frame ' ; 

 but it does not differ from tho others, which are called 'drawing-frames.' The slivers 

 which have passed through one system of rollers are collected four or five together, 

 and put through the drawing-rollers. In all tho slivers pass through three drawings, 

 and the whole extension is seldom loss than 1,000 times, and for some kinds of wool 

 much greater. 



After the drawing of the slivers is finished, a pound weight is taken, and is mea- 

 sured by means of a cylinder, in order to ascertain if the drawing has been properly 

 conducted ; if the sliver docs not prove of the length proposed, according to the size 

 of worsted which is intended to be spun, the pinions of some of the drawing- frames 

 are changed, to make the draught more or less, until it is found by experiment that 

 one pound of tho sliver measures tho required length. 



Roving-frame. This is provided with rollers, tho same as the drawing -frames : it 

 takes in one or two slivers together, and draws them out four times. By this exten- 

 sion the sliver becomes so small that it would break with the slightest, force, and it is 

 therefore necessary to give some twist ; this is done by a spindle and flyer. See 

 Ifoving, under COTTOK SPINNIKO. 



Spinning-frame. This is eo much like tho roving-frame that a short description 

 will be sufficient. Tho spindles arc more delicate, and there are three pairs of rollers, 

 Instead of two; the bobbins, which are taken off from tho spindles of the roving- 

 frame when they arc quite full, are stuck upon skewers, and the roving which proceeds 



