WOOLLEN" MANUFACTURE. 1169 



of Mr. George Oldland the first in 1830, the second and third in 1832 all proceed 

 upon this principle. In the first, the teasels are mounted upon disks made to turn flat 

 upon the surface of the cloth ; in the second, the rotating disks are pressed by cork- 

 screw spiral springs against the cloth, which is supported by an elastic cushion, also 

 pressed against the disks by springs ; and in the third machine, the revolving disks 

 have a larger diameter, and they turn, not in a horizontal, but in a vertical plane. 



4. Others fancied that it would be beneficial to support the reverse side of the cloth 

 by flat hard surfaces, while acting upon its face with cards or teasels. Mr. Joseph 

 Cliseld Daniell, having stretched the cloth upon smooth level stones, teasels them by 

 hand. 



5. Messrs. Charlesworth and Mellor obtained a patent, in 1829, for supporting the 

 back of the cloth with elastic surfaces, while the part was exposed to the teasling 

 action. 



6. Elasticity has also been imparted to the teasels, in the three patent inventions of 

 Mr. Sevill, Mr. J. C. Daniell, and Mr. E. Atkinson. 



7. It has been thought useful to separate .the teasel-frames upon the drum of the 

 gig-mill, by simple rollers, or by rollers heated with steam, in order to obtain the 

 combined effect of calendering and teasling. Mr. J. C. Daniell, Mr. G. Haden, and 

 Mr. J. Rayner, have obtained patents for contrivances of this kind. 



8. Several French schemes have been mounted for making the gig-drum act upon 

 the two sides of the cloth, or even to mount two drums on the same machine, 



Mr. Jones, of Leeds, contrived a very excellent method of stretching the cloth, so 

 as to prevent the formation of folds or wrinkles. (See Newton's ' Journal,' vol. viii. 

 2nd series, page 126). Mr. Collier, of Paris, obtained a patent, in 1830, for a greatly 

 improved gig-mill, upon Douglas's plan, which is now nruch esteemed by the French 

 clothiers. The following figures (figs. 2129, 2130) and description exhibit one of the 

 latest and best teasling machines. It is the invention of M. Dubois & Co., of Louviers, 

 and is now doing excellent work in that celebrated seat of the cloth manufacture. 



In the fulling mill, the woollen web acquires body and thickness, at the expense of 

 its other dimensions ; for being thereby reduced about one-third in length, and one- 

 half in breadth, its surface is diminished to one-third of its size as it comes out of the 

 loom ; and it has, of course, increased threefold in thickness. As the filaments drawn 

 forth by teasling, are of very unequal lengths, they must be shorn to make them level, 

 and with different degrees of closeness, according to the quality of the stuff, and the 

 appearance it is desired to have. But, in general, a single operation of each kind is 

 insufficient ; whence, after having passed the cloth once through the gig-mill, and once 

 through the shearing-machine (tondeuse), it is ready to receive a second teasling, 

 deeper than the first, and then to suffer a second shearing. Thus, by the alternate 

 repetition of these processes, as often as is deemed proper, the cloth finally acquires 

 its wished-for appearance. Both of these operations are very delicate, especially the 

 first ; and if they be ill conducted, the cloth is weakened, so as to tear or wear most 

 readily. On the other hand, if they be skilfully executed, the fabric becomes not only 

 more sightly, but it acquires strength and durability, because its face is changed into 

 a species of fur, which protects it from friction and humidity. 



Figs. 2129, 2130, represent the gig-mill in section, and in front elevation. A, B, c, D, 

 A', B', c', D', being the strong frame of iron, cast in one piece, having its feet enlarged 

 a little more to the inside than to the outside and bolted to large blocks in the stone 

 pavement. The two uprights are bound together below by two cross-beams A'', being 

 fastened with screw-bolts at the ears a", a" ; and at top, by two wrought-iron 

 stretcher-rods D, whose ends are secured by screw-nuts at D, D'. The drum is mounted 

 upon a wrought-iron shaft F, which bears at its right end (fig. 2130), exterior to the 

 frame, the usual riggers, or fast-and-loose pulley, ff", f, which give motion to the 

 machine by a band from the main shaft of the mill. On its right end, within the frame, 

 the shaft F, has a bevel-wheel F', for transmitting movement to the cloth, as will be 

 afterwards explained. Three crown wheels o, of which one is shown in the section, 

 Jig. 2129, are, as usual, keyed by a wedge to the shaft F. Their contour is a sinuous 

 band, with six semi-cylindrical hollows, separated alternately by as many portions of 

 the periphery. One of these three wheels is placed in the middle of the shaft F, and 

 the other two, towards its extremities. Their size may be judged of, from inspection 

 of Jig. 2129. After having set them so that all their spokes or radii correspond exactly, 

 the 16 sides H are made fast to the 16 portions of the periphery, which correspond in 

 the three wheels. These sides are made of sheet-iron, curved in a gutter form, 

 fig. 2129, but rounded off at the end,./??. 2130, and each of them is fixed to the three 

 felloes of the wheels by three bolts h. The elastic part of the plate iron allows of their 

 being sufficiently well adjusted, so that their flat portions furthest from the centre 

 may lie pretty truly on a cylindrical surface, whose axis would coincide with that of 

 the shaft F. 



VOL. III. 4 F 



