xv iii CONTENTS 



CHAPTER XXIX 



A STUDY OF LAKE BASINS 



PAGE 



Fresh water and saline lakes Newland lakes Basin-range lakes Rift- 

 valley lakes Earthquake lakes Crater lakes Coulee lakes 

 Morainal lakes Pit lakes Glint or colk lakes Ice-dam lakes 

 Glacier-lobe lakes Rock-basin lakes Valley moraine lakes Land- 

 slide lakes Border lakes Ox-bow lakes Saucer lakes Crescentic 

 levee lakes Raft lakes Side-delta lakes Delta lakes Barrier 

 lakes Dune lakes Sink lakes Karst lakes : poljen Playa lakes 

 Salines Alluvial-dam lakes Re'sume' Reading references . 401 



CHAPTER XXX 

 THE EPHEMERAL EXISTENCE OF LAKES 



Lakes as settling basins Drawing off of water by erosion of outlet The 

 pulling in of headlands and the cutting off of bays Lake extinction 

 by peat growth Extinction of lakes in desert regions The role of 

 lakes in the economy of nature Ice ramparts on lake shores Read- 

 ing references 426 



CHAPTER XXXI 

 THE ORIGIN AND THE FORMS OF MOUNTAINS 



A mountain defined The festoons of mountain arcs Theories of origin 

 of the mountain arcs The Atlantic and Pacific coasts contrasted 

 The block type of mountain Mountains of outflow or upheap 

 Domed mountains of uplift ; laccolites Mountains carved from 

 plateaus The climatic conditions of the mountain sculpture The 

 effect of the resistant stratum The mark of the rift in the eroded 

 mountains Reading references 435 



APPENDICES 



A. The quick determination of the common minerals .... 449 



B. Short descriptions of some common rocks 462 



C. The preparation of topographical maps ....... 467 



D. Laboratory models for study in the interpretation of geological maps . 472 



E. Suggested itineraries for pilgrimages to study earth features . . 475 



INDEX . . 489 



