xxiv ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT 



FIG. 



PAGE 



104. Map to show the manner of outflow of the lava from Kilauea in the 



eruption of 1840 .109 



105. Lava of Matavanu flowing down to the sea during the eruption of 



1906 110 



106. Lava stream discharging into the sea from a lava tunnel . . .111 



107. Diagrammatic representation of the structure of lava volcanoes as a 



result of the draining of frozen lava streams . . . .112 



108. Diagram to show the formation of mesas by outflow of lava in valleys 



and subsequent erosion 112 



109. Surface of lava of the Pahoehoe type 113 



110. Three successive views to show the growth of the island of Savaii, 



from lava outflow in 1906 ........ 113 



111. View of the volcano of Stromboli showing the excentric position of 



the crater 116 



112. Diagrams to illustrate the eruptions within the crater of Stromboli . 117 



113. Map of Volcano in the ^Eolian Islands 118 



114. " Bread-crust " lava projectile from the eruption of Volcano in 1888 . 119 



115. "Cauliflower cloud" of steam and ash rising above the cinder cone 



of Volcano 120 



116. Eruption of Taal volcano in 1911 seen from a distance of six miles . 120 



117. The thick mud veneer upon the island of Taal (after a photograph 



by Deniston) 121 



118. A pear-shaped lava projectile . . . . . . . . 121 



119. Artificial production of a cinder cone . . . . . . .122 



120. Diagram to show the contrast between a lava dome and a cinder cone 123 



121. May on volcano on the island of Luzon, Philippine Islands . . . . 123 



122. A series of breached cinder cones due to migration of the eruption 



along a fissure . . 124 



123. The mouth upon the inner cone of Mount Vesuvius from which flowed 



the lava of 1872 . . . . ' 124 



124. A row of parasitic cones raised above a fissure opened on the flanks 



of Etna in 1892 . . 125 



125. View of Etna, showing the parasitic cones upon its flanks . ... 125 



126. Sketch map of Etna to show the areas covered by lava and tuff re- 



spectively . . . . . . ..... 126 



127. Panum crater showing the caldera . . ,, .... 126 



128. View of Mount Vesuvius before the eruption of 1906 . . . . 127 



129. Sketches of the summit of the Vesuvian cone to bring out the changes 



in its outline 128 



130 Night view of Vesuvius from Naples before the outbreak of 1906, 



showing a small lava stream descending the central cone . . 129 



131. Scoriaceous lava encroaching upon the tracks of the Vesuvian railway 130 



132. Map of Vesuvius, showing the position of the lava mouths opened 



upon its flanks during the eruption of 1906 131 



133. The ash curtain over Vesuvius lifting and disclosing the outlines of 



the mountain . . 132 



