72 



EARTH FEATURES AND THEIR MEANING 



combined. 



A movement of adjacent sections of the ground 

 upward or downward with refer- 

 ence to each other (Fig. 55) has 

 been often observed, notably 

 at Midori after the great Jap- 

 anese earthquake of 1891, and 

 in the Chedrang valley of Assam 

 after the earthquake of 1897 

 (Fig. 56). 



A lateral throw, unaccom- 

 FIG. 56. Escarpment produced by an panied by appreciable vertical 



earthquake fault of vertical displace- displacement ( Fig> 57) ig es pe- 



ment which cut across the Chedrang . *~ 



River and thus produced a waterfall, Cially Well illustrated by the 



Assam earthquake of 1897 (after R. D. 

 Oldham). 



fault in California which was 

 formed during the earthquake 

 of 1906 (Fig. 58). A combination of the two types of displace- 

 ment in one (Fig. 59) is exempli- 



FIG. 57. A fault of lateral displacement. 



fied by the Baishiko fault of 

 Formosa at the place shown in 

 plate 3 A. 



The measure of displacement. To 

 afford some measure of the displacements 

 which have been observed upon earth- 

 quake faults, it may be stated that the 

 maximum vertical throw measured upon 

 the fault in the Neo valley of Japan (1891) 

 was 18 feet, in the Chedrang valley of 

 Assam (1897) 35 feet, and of the Alaskan 

 coast (1899) 47 feet. Large sections of 

 land were bodily uplifted in these cases 

 within the space of a few seconds, or 



FIG. 58. Fence parted and displaced 

 fifteen feet by a transverse fault 

 formed during the California earth- 

 quake of 1906 (after W. B. Scott). 



ments combined. 



