102 



CHEMISTRY. 



[Lesson II. 



composed of a gas called chlorine, and a 

 metal called sodium. 



\ 1. '/'. Explain the difference between 

 integrant and constituent particles. 



P. Integrant particles are the smallest 

 particles into which a body can be me- 

 chanically divided, and resemble each 

 other and the mass which they originally 

 composed. Constituent particles are those 

 which form the integrant particles of a 

 complex body, differing from each other 

 and the mass which they form. For ex- 

 ample, the particles of iodine, and those of 

 silver in a mass of iodide of silver, are the 

 constituent particles of that body. 



l. i:\KRAL QUESTIONS ON LESSON I. 



1. AY hat is chemistry ? 



2. Give the general and secondary pro- 

 perties of matter, and examples of each. 



3. "What are the chief chemical ;i 



4. Explain the difference between at- 

 traction and repulsion, and give examples 

 of each. 



5. Define analysis and synthesis, their 

 derivation, and examples of e;.eh. 



<>. AYhat is the difference between a 

 simple and a compound body .' 



7. '\Vhat is an integrant particle ? 



8. "NYhat is a constituent particle ? 



LESSON II. 



THE student in Chemistry should endeavour to imitate the great Davy, by constructing 

 rude and extemporaneous forms of apparatus for himself. It is not necessary to have 

 expensive apparatus for the elementary part of the science ; indeed, with a few simple 

 things the student may perform the greater portion of the experiments required. Let 

 him procure a few Florence flasks, such as salad oil is sold in, five or six gallipots or 

 tea-cups, four or five common plates, a basin, a dozen phials, a glass funnel, a pestle 

 and mortar, some glass tubing of different sizes, two dozen large corks, a few wine- 

 glasses, an iron saucepan, a triangular file, a yard of brass tubing one-eighth of an inch in 

 diameter, and a foot one quarter of an inch in diameter, some long glass jars, copper and 

 iron wire (o to O), a few blocks of wood, and a brass stop-cock, if possible. If to these 

 we add a common blowpipe, a piece of platinum foil and wire, he will be in possession 

 of nearly all the apparatus required ; but occasionally we shall have to construct extem- 

 poraneous apparatus for his use, which a few shillings will pay for. It is a positive 

 advantage to a student to be thrown upon his own resources, as it gives him a habit 

 of thinking and observing. If he is ingenious and careful, he will contrive to convert 

 many things to his use, that others would throw away. Let him save all the broken 

 window glass, and cut it into long, thin strips ; they will serve to evaporate solutions 

 upon, or act as stirring rods ; some of the glass should be cut into pieces 

 varying from 2 to G or 8 inches square, as they are useful for covering 

 solutions in small vessels, and many other purposes. The feet of wine-- 

 glasses, &c. may also be used for covering solutions ; the bottoms of 

 broken tumblers will frequently serve as evaporating dishes ; stoppers of 

 all kinds are useful, and should be kept to fit bottles, &c., by grinding 

 them with a little sand and water. Very good evaporating dishes may 

 be made by slightly scratching a Florence flask with a file, and then 

 passing a red-hot iron wire in the direction required. For example in 

 the directions ac and be in Fig. 2, which will enable us to have dishes 

 with very tolerable lips (a and b) for pouring fluids from them. As 

 these flasks are sometimes apt to be broken when used as retorts, the pieces should be 

 saved, as dishes may be formed from them by following the same plan in the directions 

 fg, de, and b g. The neck h may be converted into a small test-tube, by means of a 



