B R U 



Brunnichin four fairs held annually at Bruunf and the prii, 

 articles of manufacture are silk stuffs, cloth, vi ; 

 . ant j | int8 _ Speaking of the fortifications of Brunn, 

 the celebrated Guibcrt observes, "N'aqu'une enceinte, 

 avec quelquca ouvrages exterieure, mediocrement cn- 

 trettrnus; seroit susceptible de devenir une bonne 

 place, mais ne defend aucun debouche", le pays etant 

 tout ouvert autour d'ellc." * Brunn is the seat of 

 several tribunals, and the diets of the state are held 

 at Oltnutz and at Brunn alternately. There is a fine 

 quarry of marble in the vicinity of the town. Pop- 

 ulation 16,000. East Long. 16 30. North Lat. 

 49 9'. (;) 



BRUNNICHIA, a genus of plants of the class 

 Decandria, and order Trigynia. See BOTANY, p. 216. 



BRUNONI A, a genus of plants of the class Pen- 

 tandria, and order Monogynia. See BOTANY, p. 175. 

 and Brown's Prodromus Plant. Nov. IIoll. &c. p. 

 589. 



BRUNSVIGIA, a genus of plants of the class 

 Hexandria, and order Mongynia. See BOTANY, 

 p. 193. 



BRUNSWICK, a city of the kingdom of West- 

 phalia, and capital of the department of the Ocker, is 

 situated in a very agreeable plain on the banks of 

 the Ocker, which is navigable above the city as far as 

 Wolfenbuttle. It was formerly an imperial city, and 

 one of the richest and most powerful of the Hans- 

 towns : It maintained its liberty during many severe 

 and tedious contests, until 1671, when it was subjugat- 

 ed by Rodolphus Augustus,Duke of Brunswick Wol- 

 fenbuttle, who erected a citadel in the town to secure 

 its subjection ; and, from that time, it continued to 

 be the residence of the reigning prince, until its an- 

 nexation to the kingdom of Westphalia. The town 

 has the form of nearly a square. It is strongly for- 

 tilled, and extends about two miles in circumference. 

 On the ramparts is a brass mortar, 104- feet long, and 

 above 3 feet in diameter. It weighs 1800 quintals, and 

 requires 52 Ib. of powder for a charge; and can throw 

 a ball of 730lbs. weight to the distance of 33,000 

 toises. The houses are in general old, and built of 

 wood ; but the city has lately received considerable 

 additions, and is daily acquiring fresh beauty. The 

 principal public buildings are, the duke's palace, 

 which contains a superb collection of natural history, 

 of prints and pictures, and in the library are a num. 

 ber of scarce and curious bibles, and fragments of 

 bibles, in various languages, amounting to nearly 

 1000 volumes ; the cathedral, which contains the 

 tombs of Duke Henry the Lion, and of several em- 

 perors and princes of the house of Guelf ; the church- 

 es of St Nicholas, St Catherine, and St Andrew ; 

 the academy for martial exercises, where the students 

 are instructed in every branch of science connected 

 with military tactics ; the armoury ; the council- 

 house ; Caroline college, erected by Duke Charles in 

 1745 ; two gymnasiums, with a school for anatomy 

 and surgery ; and a college for the study of physic, 

 instituted in 1757. It has also an orphan house, a 

 large lazaretto, and an hospital. After Brunswick 

 ceased to be a free, and became a fortified city, its 

 commerce began to decline, and its population to di- 



13 



B R U 



miniili. The interruptions of tradr, occasioned by Brunswick 

 frequent wars, and the insolence of it* garrison, soon < ~~V -* 

 drove many of its tradesmen to settle in the other 

 free cities of Germany. About the middle of the 

 last century, however, this city was again plentifully 

 replenished with French refugees, who had been dri- 

 ven from their country by popish intolerance, and 

 sought in Brunswick the freedom of religious wor- 

 ship. These were greatly encouraged by the reign- 

 ing Duke, who granted them considerable privilege* 

 and immunities ; and, under their direction, were esta- 

 blished many valuable manufactures of woollen cloths, 

 such as serges, barracans, flannels, r utteena, and camlets. 

 Besides these, Brunswick has manufactures of silk, 

 linen, steel, iron, paper, snuff, earthen-ware, and var- 

 nish, also bleaching yards for linen, and extensive 

 breweries. Its manufacture of printed calicoes is one 

 of the most flourishing, and the first of the kind in 

 Germany, and its preparations of red alum, and sal 

 ammoniac, are of a very superior quality. Strong beer, 

 called mum, from the name of the inventor, Christian 

 Mummer, is exported to various parts of Europe, and 

 even to India; and many tons of succory root, prepa- 

 red as coffee,' are annually sent to Lubeck, and from 

 thence exported to Sweden and Russia. 



In this city, many hundreds are employed in spin- 

 ningwooland flax, and the invention of spinning wheel* 

 is ascribed to a statuary of Brunswick, called Jurgen, 

 in 1530. They are furnished with the materials from 

 the work-house, which was established for the pur- 

 pose of providing employment for the poor, and are 

 paid for their labour on the same terms as those em- 

 ployed by the manufacturer. Grown up persons per- 

 form this work at their own homes ; but 200 chil- 

 dren are daily employed in the house, where they are 

 also instructed in reading and writing-. The com- 

 merce of Brunswick is now very considerable, both 

 in natural and artificial productions, as well as in fo- 

 reign merchandise. Its fairs are crowded with stran- 

 gers, from all the principal cities of Germany, who 

 bring from Hamburgh the manufactures of England, 

 with calicoes, velvets, silk ribbons, tresses, and point 

 work of gold and silver ; from Bremen and Lubeck 

 various kinds of tanned leather, tallow, oil, wine, and 

 foreign merchandise ; linens from Silesia ; from Lcip- 

 sick and Saxony the productions of Italy, Switzer- 

 land and France ; and from Berlin, Nuremberg, 

 Augsburg, &c. the manufactures of their respective 

 cities, which they either sell or exchange for other 

 commodities. There is always a great traffic here 

 for yarn and flax ; and immense quantities of green 

 thread are exported every year to Holland, which is 

 bleached at Haerlem. During the fair the duties are 

 very moderate, and many foreign merchants com- 

 pound for a certain sum, by which means they arc 

 not obliged to disclose the amount of their sales, 

 which is otherwise the only method of determining 

 the duty. The two great fairs continue 18 days 

 each, and begin, the one on the Sunday after Can- 

 dlemas, and the other on the Sunday after St Lau- 

 rence-day. Population 31,700. N. Lat. 52 25'. 

 E. Long. 10 46'. See Peuchet Dictionnaire, { 

 and Tynna Almanack du Commerce, 1811. (p) 



* Journal <Fvn Voyage en Allemagnc, torn ii. p. 110. 



