S.D 



THK 



EDINBURGH ENCYCLOPAEDIA; 



CONDUCTED BY 



DAVID BREWSTER, LL.D. 



R R. S. LOND. AND EDIN. AND M. R. I. A. 



CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF PARIS, AND OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF 

 PRUSSIA; MEMBER OF THE ROYAL SWEDISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES; OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF SCIENCES OF DENMARK; OF 

 Tin: ROYAL SOCIETY OF GOTTINGEN, AND OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF MOD EN A J HONORARY ASSOCIATE OF THE 

 ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF LYONS J ASSOCIATE OF THE SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS J MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF THE AN- 

 TIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND J OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, AND OF THE ASTRONOSIICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON ; OF THE 

 AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY ; HONORARY MEM RE It OF THE LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK, OF THK 

 HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK; OF THE LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF UTRECHT ;' OF THE PHILOSPHICAL 

 SOCIETY OF CAMBRIDGE J OF THE LITERARY AND ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY OF PERTH ; OF THE NORTHERN INSTITUTION, AND OP 

 THE ROYAL MEDICAL AND PHYSICAL SOCIETIES OF EDINBURGH ; OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA ; UI 

 Till: SOCIETY OF THE FRIENDS OF NATURAL HISTORY OF BERLIN; OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF FRANKFORT; OF THE 

 I'lill.OSOl'IUCAL AND LITERARY SOCIETY OF LEEDS, OF THE ROYAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CORNWALL, AND OF THE PHILOSOPHICAL 

 MX IKTY OF YORK. 



\ 

 WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF 



GENTLEMEN EMINENT IN SCIENCE AND LITERATURE. 



IN EIGHTEEN VOLUMES. 



VOLUME V. 



EDINBURGH: 



PRINTED FOR WILLIAM BLACKWOOD ; 



AND JOHN WAUGH, EDINBURGH ; JOHN MURRAY ; BALDWIN & CRADOCK ; 

 J. M. RICHARDSON, LONDON ; AND THE OTHER PROPRIETORS. 



M.DCCC.XXX. 





