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C A L 



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; i* full of sand banks ; and about a mile to the west 

 of Calais, the chalk cliffs appear opposite to those 

 in England, and high sand hills skirt the shores. 

 The country between Calais and Gravelines is well 

 cultivated, and houses, embosomed in woods, rich 

 meadows, and corn-fields, every where appear. 



The principal manufactures of Calais are stock- 

 ings and soap, and it possesses a very considerable 

 coasting trade. Calais is the great mart for the salt 

 and gin & of Holland ; and the fishing of cod, herrings, 

 and mackerel, is carried on to a very considerable ex- 

 tent. Two fairs are held annually here ; one on the 

 10th January, which continues for ten days, and ano- 

 ther on the 1 1 th July, which continues nine days ; and 

 the principal articles of traffic are cattle, jewellery 

 goods, and iron and copper ware. The trade of this 

 place is much facilitated by the canals which commu- 

 nicate with Gravelines, Andres, St Omer, Dunkirk, 

 aft several other places in the north of France. In 

 the time of peace, regular packet boats sail twice a 

 tveek with the mail between Calais and Dover. Near 

 Calais is a pillar, erected on the spot where the bal- 

 loon of Blanchard descended. Population, 7600. 

 Long. 1 51' 1" East, Lat. 50 57' 31" North. See 

 Trotter's Memoirs of Mr Fox, p. 4-1, 48. (ir) 

 CALAMINES. See PHILIPPINE Island*. 



CALAMO, CALMINO, orCAUMENA, the Claros 

 and Calydna of the ancients, is an island of the Ar- 

 chipelago, not far from Mitylene, and about five or 

 six leagues in circumference. " There are on this 

 island," says Sonnini, " some very lofty mountains, 

 a population far from numerous, and the remains of 

 an ancient town on the west coast; on the other side, 

 a village, which also bears the name of Calamo, built 

 on the summit of a mountain ; and near to it, a tole- 

 rably good harbour, formed by a bight or small gulf, 

 before which lies an islet, that shelters it from the 

 winds and sea : but this harbour is little frequented ; 

 the main land, which is in the vicinity, and the lar- 

 ger islands, which are within reach, present harbours 

 still better, and at the same time more calculated for 

 the supply of provisions to navigators, and for the 

 speculations of tenders. Calamo is, in fact, a poor 

 island, which cannot provide for the subsistence of 

 its inhabitants, almost all occupied in procuring 

 foreign resources by a carrying trade. Their moun- 

 tains, indeed, contain minerals ; but this circum- 

 stance, which, under another government than that 

 of the Turks, would constitute the wealth of a coun- 

 try, would under them become a source of oppres- 

 sion and ruin." Sonnini's Travels in Greece and 

 Turkey, chap. xiii. p. 160, 161. (tv) 



CALAMUS, a genus of plants of the class Hex- 

 andria, and order Monogynia. See BOTANY, p. 191. 



CALAMY, EDMUND, an eminent non- conformist 

 divine, was born in the year 1671. He was son of 

 Mr Edmund Calamy, minister of Moreton, in Essex, 

 and grandson of Mr Edmund Calamy, minister of 

 St Mary Aldermanbury. The father's life was dis- 

 tinguished by nothing more remarkable than his suf- 

 fering, like many others, by the infamous act of uni- 

 formity. But the grandfather had a character which 

 raised him above most of his contemporaries, and 

 rendered him \vorthy of some notice. After going 

 through a. course of liberal education, he entered the 



church, and continued a conformist, though not a 

 very strict one, till the imposition of Bishop Wren's 

 articles, and the reading of the book of sports, 

 wounded his conscience, and obliged him to with- 

 draw his attachment. He was one of the authors of 

 the famous book against Episcopacy, known by the 

 name of Smeclymn uus: he was nominated by the 

 House of Lords, in 1641, as one of the sub-commit- 

 tee for religion : he acted a conspicuous part in the 

 Assembly of Divines : his influence in the city of 

 London, on account of his ministerial talents, was 

 greater almost than that of any other man : he stre- 

 nuously and boldly opposed the regicides of Charles 

 I., and was active in promoting the restoration of the 

 second Charles, who rewarded him, by first offering 

 him a bishopric, of which he could not conscienti- 

 ously accept, and then subjecting him to all the ri- 

 gours that were inflicted by the act of uniformity. 

 He is said to have died of a broken heart, occasion- 

 ed by his seeing London in ashes, after the great fire 

 in 1666. 



The subject of the present article, who, in many 

 points, resembled his grandfather, received his early 

 education chiefly from Mr Samuel Cradock, who 

 kept a private academy at Wickhambrook, in Suf- 

 folk, and under whose able tuition he remained for a 

 considerable number of years. In that and the other 

 schools which he previously attended, he not only 

 studied with so much diligence and success, as to se- 

 cure the high approbation of his masters, but als 

 displayed such amiable dispositions, as to lay a foun- 

 dation for lasting friendship, with men whose friend- 

 ship was equally useful arid honourable to him in fu- 

 ture life. Among these may be mentioned, Mr 

 Dawes, Mr Hugh Boulter, and Mr Timothy God- 

 win, who were afterwards archbishops respectively 

 of York, Armagh, and Cashel, and whose esteem 

 for Mr Calamy was neither destroyed by the contra- 

 riety of their religious opinions, nor diminished by the 

 difference of their ecclesiastical rank. 



At the age of seventeen he went to the university 

 of Utrecht, where he engaged in study with redou- 

 bled ardour, and made distinguished proficiency in 

 the several branches of learning to which he applied 

 himself. He was much noticed by the professors. 

 He acquired an intimacy, which was never broken 

 off, with Lord Spencer, afterwards Earl of Sunder- 

 land, and secretary of state to Queen Anne ; and 

 with Mr Charles Trimnell, who rose successively to 

 the bishoprics of Norwich and Winchester. And so 

 great was his reputation, that he had an offer of a 

 professor's chair in the college of Edinburgh from 

 Principal Carstairs, who had been sent over to Hol- 

 land to procure a person properly qualified for such 

 a place. This offer he declined, and soon after he 

 returned to England. He went first to Oxford, 

 where he laboured to improve himself, by researches 

 in the Bodleian library, conversation with literary 

 men, and other means and opportunities of making 

 intellectual attainments, which were to be found in 

 that seat of learning. Having determined to betake 

 himself to divinity, he directed his attention closely 

 and steadily to the various subjects comprehended 

 under that science. He carefully searched the Scrip- 

 tures : He perused the writings of the primitive fa- 



Calamy. 



