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(jaWcr- strong garrison in the fort, and returned to his 

 wood. pital. This cruelty, however, was soon to be reta- 

 liated upon its inhuman author. In the following 

 year, Admiral Watson and Colonel Clive retook 

 Calcutta ; and the latter officer having defeated the 

 Indian forces at Plassey, marched to Moorshedabad, 

 when Saraja Dowlah was deposed, and soon after 

 put to death. His successor having entered into a 

 firm alliance with the British, paid a vast sum to the 

 Company and the sufferers at Calcutta, as an indem- 

 nification for their losses ; and the trade of this city 

 being relieved from the high duties which had been 

 formerly imposed upon it by-the native princes, in- 

 creased so rapidly, that Calcutta soon became the 

 most flourishing European settlement in India. A- 

 bout twenty years ago, during a famine, the popu- 

 lation of this city was estimated at 500,000 ; but, 

 according to Lord Valc-ntia, it now amounts to near- 

 ly 700,000. North lat. 22 33', East long. 88 28'. 

 See Kennel's Memoirs ; Tennant's Indian Recrea- 

 tions, vol. i. p. 37, &c. ; Lord Valentia's Travels, 

 vol. i. p. 235, Sec. ; A Voyage to India, China, 

 8fC. in 1803-1805, in Phillips's Coll of Voyages, 

 fyc. vol. v. ; and Foster's Travels, vol. i. p. 9- (p) 

 CALDERWOOD, DAVID, a celebrated divine 

 of the church of Scotland, was born, as appears from 

 BailhVs Letters, in 1575. He was, from his earliest 

 years, destined for the ministry : and accordingly his 

 attention was peculiarly directed to the study of di- 

 vinity, in which, while yet a very young man, he had 

 made the most respectable attainments. He wisely 

 devoted a large portion of his time to the investiga- 

 tion of sacred scripture in the original languages, 

 and in this investigation, he did not despise the aid 

 which was afforded by critics and commentators. He 

 also read the works of the Fathers, and the best 

 books which could be found on the ancient and mo- 

 dern history of the Christian church. The learning 

 which he had acquired procured for him very general 

 respect; and his zealous attachment to the church 

 of Scotland, which at that time was of the Presby- 

 terian form, rendered him extremely acceptable to 

 most of its faithful ministers. About the year 1604 1 , 

 he was settled at Crailing, in the neighbourhood of 

 Jedburgh ; where, by his private virtues and pub- 

 lic fidelity, he recommended himself to the love of 

 his people, and to the reverence of all who knew 

 him. It was while in this situation that he gave 

 the first decisive proof of his dislike to Episcopacy, 

 and of his determination to adhere stedfastly to the 

 ecclesiastical system which he had embraced. James I. 

 of Great Britain, with his characteristic bigotry and 

 imprudence, endeavoured to bring the church of 

 Scotland into a conformity with that of England : 

 .and with that view, he sent the Earl of Dunbar, 

 then lord high treasurer, accompanied by three di- 

 vines, to reconcile the ministers and laity to the 

 projected change. These tyrannical and insidious 

 attempts of the monarch, experienced the most ve- 

 hement opposition ; and none was more eager and 

 resolute in opposing them than Mr Caldt rwood ; 

 for when the Bishop of Orkney came (1608) to visit 

 the Presbyteries in Merse and Tiviotdale, he, along 

 with Mr Johnston of Aucrum, solemnly declined his 

 jurisdiction under form of instrument. The perse- 

 verance of the king, aided by the corrupt influence 



and subtile policy of his agents, was at length suc- 

 cessful. Mr Calderwood, however, continued to 

 bear his open testimony, and employ his best endea- 

 vours against those despotic and illegal measures 

 which were successively adopted to accomplish the 

 royal scheme. And as he was not tempted by those 

 preferments which a man of his talents and influence 

 might reasonably have expected under the new ec- 

 clesiastical regime, so neither was he induced by the- 

 threatenings and persecutions to which he was soon 

 after subjected, to abandon the principles and the 

 conduct which he had hitherto maintained. Of the 

 Assembly held at Glasgow in June 1610, and of that 

 held at Aberdeen in August 1616, he explicitly declar- 

 ed h:s disapprobation, because they acted under undue 

 influence, and were guilty of unconstitutional proceed- 

 ings. When the king held a parliament at Edin- 

 burgh in May 1617, there was also a meeting of 

 clergy assembled at the same time, to hear and con- 

 sult with the bishops, evidently by way of imitating 

 the convocation in England. Mr Calderwood went 

 *' to try what the ministers there convened were con- 

 sulting upon ;" and, in allusion to what was passing, 

 boldly stated, that he could not look on that meet- 

 ing either as a General Assembly, or as bearing any 

 resemblance to the English House of Convocation, 

 reminded them of their hostility to the church, and 

 of their violation of promises made in its favour ; 

 and when interrupted by two members, he left them 

 with these words, referring to their proposals about 

 augmentation of stipends, " // is absurd to see men 

 silting in silks and satins, and to cry poverty in the 

 kirk when purity is departing." 



The parliament having assumed the prerogative 

 of regulating the ecclesiastical as well as the civil 

 affairs of the kingdom, a considerable number of the 

 ministers resolved to give in a protestation against 

 this encroachment on their peculiar rights. Mi- 

 Archibald Simpson was appointed to draw it up, and 

 to sign it on behalf of the ministers who had pro- 

 posed or acquiesced in the measure; he receiving as 

 his warrant and justification, a separate roll which 

 contained their individual subscriptions, amounting 

 to no fewer than fifty-five. This protest was pre- 

 sented by Mr Simpson to the clerk register, but 

 he refused to read it before the states in parliament. 

 A copy of it is given in Mr Caldervvood's printed 

 History (jfthe Church of Scotland: and though it is 

 sufficiently respectful in ;ts form and Ianguage 4 yet it 

 breathes such a spirit of dissatisfaction with the con- 

 duct of parliament, so plai.ily accuses the king of 

 having acted contrary to his engagements, and so 

 calmly and resolutely refuses to yield obedience what- 

 ever the consequences might be, that it could not 

 fail to offend and irritate a prince so fond as James 

 was of arbitrary power both in church and state. 

 Accordingly Mr Simpson was summoned before the 

 High Commission Court, and requested to produce 

 the list of names with which he had been entrusted, 

 that steps might be taken for punishing the most re- 

 fractory of the protestors. The list had been given 

 to Mr Calderwood. who was therefore ordered to 

 appear before that court, at St Andrews, to exhibit 

 the roll there, and to answer for his seditious and mu- 

 tinous conduct. He obeyed the summons, and ap- 

 peared on the day appointed. The king attended 



Galder, 

 wood. 



