C A L 



237 



C A L 



Colder- a Directory for Public Worship. Indeed, whe 

 wood anv thine of importance in tin- way of wiiiii.g 



was required, Mr Caldrrwood was almost always 

 iledonift. ill I. ii- L i 



,_ _^ employed ; because, as Baillie observes, lit- was tlu-ir 



" hi-it priimau." He continued to take an active 

 part in ecclesiastical affairs during the remainder of 

 his life, regularly attending the meetings of Assem- 

 bly, expressing his sentiments on the various subjects 

 which came before them, and frequently giving of- 

 fence by what was deemed a ' rude and humorous 

 opposition." He seems to have been particularly 

 anxious to guard the church against the Independent 

 system, to which he thought he observed an evident 

 tendency in the principles and conduct of many of 

 his brethren. It was this which made him cry out 

 so vehemently against sectaries and prayer-meetings ; 

 and the same anxiety, it is evident, induced him to 

 find fault, in 164-5, with the Westminster Assem- 

 bly, for asserting the divine right of kirk-sessions, 

 and thereby conferring on the congregational elder- 

 ship the power which properly belonged to presby- 

 teries ; and also to insist, in the assembly 164-9, that, 

 according to the second Book of Discipline, " the 

 election of ministers should be given to the presby- 

 tery, with power to the major part of the people to 

 dissent, upon reason to be judged of by the presby- 

 tery." This proposal, which appears to contradict 

 his doctrine in the Allare Dawascenum, was rejected 

 by the assembly ; and an act of a different descrip- 

 tion passed, in spite of all his reasoning. On this 

 occasion, he introduced the practice, since become 

 common, of dissenting from the decision of the as- 

 embly, and requiring the dissent to be registered. 



Mr Calderwood did not long survive this. When 

 the English army were in Lothian, he went to Jed- 

 burgh (1651), where he was taken ill, and died at 

 the age of 76. He was a man of unquestionable 

 piety and learning. His writings afford evidence of 

 both ; and our Presbyterian church is much indebt- 

 ed to him for the zeal and ability with which he de- 

 fended her in the hour of danger. His Latin, 

 though not elegant, is tolerably correct ; and some 

 of his English compositions are equal, if not supe- 

 rior, to any of the times in which he wrote. 

 Calderwood's Trite History of the Church of Scot- 

 land ; Spotiswood's History of Do.; Baillic't> let- 

 ters and Journals ; Biogrnphia Scoticana ; and I 'n- 

 published MSS. in the possession of the Rev. Mr 

 M'Crie, Edinburgh. (T) 



CALEA, a genus of plants of the class Synge- 

 nesia, and order Polygamia asqualis. See BOTANY, 

 p. 294-. 



CALEANA, a genus of plants of the class Gy- 

 nandria, and order Monandria. See BOTANY, p. 318 ; 

 and Brown's Prodromus Plant. Nov. Holland. SfC. 

 p. 329. 



CALECTOSIA, a genus of plants of the c'ass 

 Hexandria, and order Monogynia. See BOTANY, 

 p. 195 ; and Browu's Prodromus Phu.t. Nov. Hol- 

 land. &fc. p. 263. 



CALEDONIA, in ancient geography, a famous 

 country situated in North Britain. Its precise limits 

 are not known, though antiquaries are fond of ex- 

 tending the appellation to the whole of modern Scot- 

 land. Henry, Chalmers, and many more, gravely 

 inform us, that Agricola entered Caledonia by Carlisle 



and AnandJr, without informing us upon what autho- 

 rity they so denominate tin- southern dutricta. We 

 know from X :;,:,.!. n, t hat, iu thc3dceulury,thf Mratz 



moil powerful nations of 



Hi I'.aiu ; and that of tl. ! Caledonian* occu- 



pied the more northern situation, while the other bor- 

 dered on the Roman province ; both of them, however, 

 occupying barrro mountains and savage plain*. Pto- 

 lemy, in the second century, place* the Caledonian* 

 in the most mountainous district of Scotland, mak- 

 ing them to extend from tin- Lelamonius Sinus, sup- 

 posed to be Lochfine, as far as the Murray frith ; 

 thus assigning them all that central country compo- 

 sed of the higher districts in the counties of Penh. 

 Angus, Moray, Inverness, and Argyle. The infor- 

 mation of Ptolemy seems to have been collected 

 great care, as he enumerate* the smaller nations bjr 

 whom Caledonia was on all sides surrounded, toge- 

 ther with the towns, rivers, and promontories of the 

 country. With both these authorities, Tacitus, i 

 the first centurj, by far the best informed of all the 

 writers who have taken notice of the Caledonians, 

 perfectly coincides in placing that most renowned na- 

 tion considerably to the north of the Forth and C\jd ?. 

 A bare inspection of this author's journal of his fa- 

 ther-in-law's campaigns, will make it perfectly evi- 

 dent, that the Romans had conquered all the nations 

 to the south of the two great zstuarics ; that they 

 had crossed that of the Clyde, and conquered seve- 

 ral tribes of Dumbartonshire and Cowal ; that they 

 had crossed the Forth, advanced far into Fife, nay 

 probably had reached the Tay, before thev had so 

 much as seen the Caledonians. It was only in the 

 seventh campaign of Agricola, and the fourth after 

 that general had entered the supposed Caledonia of 

 the antiquaries, that he first came in contact with 

 these terrible mountaineers, when they surprised and 

 nearly destroyed the ninth legion. This conflict 

 took place beyond the Forth, and several days march 

 after leaving Agricola 'b line of forts ; and yet it was 

 on this occasion that the Roman soldiers, now reco- 

 vered from their terror of the so much vaunted Ca- 

 ledonian arms, and flushed with their success in this 

 first encounter, for the first time demanded, " pene- 

 trandam Caledoniam," to be conducted into Caledo- 

 nia itself. The highest authorities, therefore, his- 

 torical and geographical, and the only authorities 

 that can be attended to, because formally treating of 

 the subject, concur in restricting the limits of Ca- 

 ledunia to the fastnesses of the mountains. It is n* 

 doubt convenient for particular theories that twenty- 

 one nations should be palmed upon us under the 

 same general name, and that a disposition should thus 

 be produced in the mind to consider them all as of 

 the same family ; but that writer must be pitifully 

 addicted to system that would oppose, to the direct 

 authorities now cited, the vague epithet of a poet, 

 or the casual expression of a declaiming rhetorician. 



It is remarkable, that Tacitus, in his Life of A- 

 gricola, uniformly mentions this nation by the ge- 

 neral name of " Britanni," and of ' the tnb-s inha- 

 biting Caledonia," but never calls them Caledonians. 

 Subsequent authors give them the appellation of Ca- 

 ledonii and Caledones. Acccording to Cam! 

 the name Caledonia is derived from the Welsh 

 kalcd, denoting hard, rough, uncivilized. Buchana* 



