C A I. R N O R H. 





e bowl 

 calender. 



mint be slow, not exceeding about forty revolutions 

 .1 11,11 ute; and v it now so hnrd and 



tough, that tools of a very small size must be used 

 to cut, or oilier MT;I;,. it', im'.Iit n trur. Three 

 men are generally em^loyd <r the tutM-ig, even 

 when the motion of tin- i \hnder is effected oy me- 

 chanical power, two ! to sharpen 

 tools lor the third who turnf so quickly are th-y 

 blunted. 



Th.- upper and lower bowls 1 and 5 are generally 

 of iron or wood, and of the same diameter as *2 and 4. 

 For the common smoothing operation of the calender, 

 it is only necessary that these five cylinders should be 

 made to revolve on their respective axes, the motion 

 of each being in an inverse direction to that of those 

 with which it is in motion, and the revolutions must 

 be in the inverse ratio of the diameters, that an equal 

 portion of the circumference of each may be exposed 

 to that with which it comes in contact. The mo- 

 tion is taken from the moving power by a belt pas- 

 sing over the pullie* at D,that next the cylinder being 

 fast upon the axis of the main cylinder 3, and the 

 other loose upon the axis. Thus, when the belt is 

 upon the fast pully, the calender will be in motion ; 

 and whenever it is shifted to the loose pully, the ca- 

 lender will stop without interrupting the motion of 

 any other machine acted upon by the same power. 

 The large cylinder 3 being set in motion, the iron 

 cylinders 2 and 4 receive their motion by means of 

 the wheels C, C worked by the wheel B on the axis 

 of the large cylinder. The -cylinders 1 and 5 will re- 

 volve pretty accurately, merely by their friction upon 

 the cylinders 2 and 4, or their motion may be render- 

 ed perfectly -certain by other two wheels pitching into 

 the wheels C, C. When a person stands in front of 

 the calender, the cloth coming from behind, above 

 the uppermost cylinder 1, passes between 1 and 2; 

 passing behind 2, it again comes to the front between 

 2 and 3 ; between 3 and 4 it is again carried behind, 

 and lastly brought in front between 4 and 5, where 

 k ia received, and smoothly folded on a clean board, 

 or in a box, by a person placed there for the pur- 

 pose. In folding the cloth at this time, care must be 

 taken that it may be loosely done, so that no mark 

 may appear until it be again folded in the precise 

 length and form into which the piece is to be made 

 up. The folding may be done either by two persons 

 or by one, with the aid of two sharp polished spikes 

 placed at a proper distance, to ascertain the length of 

 the fold, and to make the whole equal. When fold- 

 ed into lengths, it is again folded across upon a 

 smooth clean table, according to the shape intended, 

 which varies according to the different kinds of goods, 

 or of the particular market for which the goods are 

 designed. In general, the obvious deuire at e^ery 

 warket is, to ha-ve the goods well smoothed and fold- 

 ed, so as to occupy the least possible bulk in packing. 

 From this, however, a singular exception took place 

 in a coarse kind of striped cotton stuffs, great quan- 

 tities of which were carried out by the shipb em- 

 ployed in the African slave trade. In that market, 

 the estimation of a piece of those goods depended en- 

 tirely upon its bulk when folded, and great care was 

 therefore taken to -have them done up very loosely, 

 or what would in any other market have been termed 

 as ill dressed as possible. 



i the piecei hare received the proper fold, CaJH!rr. 

 the last operation previous to packing them, is the * 

 pressing. This in commonly performed by plicing 

 a certain number of piece* divided by thin smooth 

 board* of wood in a common screw press, similar t 

 those used by printers for taking out the irnprmio* 

 left by the types in the printing press. Beside 

 wooden boards, a piece of gbzed pasteboard is pla- 

 ced above and below every piece of cloth, that 

 outer folds may be as smooth and glossy at possible. 

 The operation of thr common screw press bring 

 found tedious and laborious, a very simple and effica- 

 cious method has been lately introduced of effecting 

 the pressure by a column of water, which it so easy 

 ?nd expeditious, that the strength of a child if suf- 

 ficient for the operation ; and its power may be ren- 

 dered much greater than what could be produced by 

 almost any exertion of human force. These presses 

 are used with great success in different extensive 

 works ; but as t.ieir discovery n recent, the applica- Pf**** 

 tion of the hydrostatic*! principle is also various. In evil I 

 Fig. 6, will be found a very simple mode of applying tig t . 

 them to use, which it is hoped will sufficiently illus- 

 trate the general principle of their action, and mar 

 safely be adopted, with any judicious alteration which 

 may render them more serviceable for the particular 

 purpose in view. At present their novelty confines 

 them to a few large works. 



The water press may be made as to th? frame work, 

 very similar to any other kind of press ; but it is to be 

 observed, that as the pressure is upwards, it must be 

 very strongly secured to the floor upon which it 

 stands, and which must be equal to the whole me- 

 chanical reaction, or be sufficiently strong to resist 

 the whole force of the pressure. In the Figure the 

 frame work is distinguished by the letter A ; the 

 upper press board by G, and the under board by F. 

 The board G is supposed to be fixed and immove- 

 able in the two upright posts ; but it would be very 

 convenient that it should be made to slide up and 

 down as required, and it may be stopped above by 

 blocks of wood, or any of the means by which the 

 sole of the common screw press is usually made up 

 to the height wanted. It may also be counterpoised 

 with weights, for ease in the management. The 

 lower press board F, must slide freely up and down, 

 like the upper board of the common press. Under 

 this board is the receiver B, for the water, which is 

 here supposed to be a hollow tube of leather, or any 

 other soft substance which can be rendered impervious 

 to water, and which must be sufficiently strong to 

 resist a very great pressure. Let the leather tube 

 therefore be stretched upon very strong hoops of iron, 

 at two or three inches distance from each other, and 

 again hooped without, immediately above those in the 

 inside. The hoops within will then keep the tube 

 always distended, and those without will counteract 

 the lateral pressure of the water within. To the 

 bottom of this receiver is attached a tube, branching 

 from the main tube B, for admitting the water into 

 the receiver, and C,C are two stop cocks in the main 

 tube, the right hand one fur admitting, and the left 

 hand one for discharging the water. The pressure 

 of the column of water in the main pipe D, will then 

 be in the direct ratio of the square of its altitude, 

 and the pipe, according to ttte pressure required* 



