C A L 



and is read from left to right, like the languages of 

 Europe. The other, which is used in the common 

 concerns of life, is read from top to bottom, and the 

 letters are placed in columns. Such of them as possess 

 an idol, place it near the he, id of their bed, with small 

 consecrated cups full uf milk, or other food, set be- 

 fore it ; and in festivals it is decorated with garlands, 

 and perfumes are burnt in its presence. * 



The commerce of this people consists entirely in 

 the exchange of their horses and cattle for corn, 

 woollen cloths, linens, copper, pewter, kitchen uten- 

 sils, knives, and spoons ; and great numbers of them 

 from the interior annually vibit Antracan for this pur- 

 pose. They are allowed to traffic with China, free of 

 all duty ; but they never deal in slaves, like their neigh- 

 bours the Mahometan Tartars, who often go to war 

 with no other intention but to procure human beings 

 for the market ; and who spare neither enemies, friends, 

 nor children, when they wish to get rid of them. 

 The prisoners taken in war by the Calmucks are in- 

 corporated into the nation, and swell the power and 

 revenue of the prince. See Recueil de Voyages au 

 Nord, torn. x. p. 253, &c. Clarke's Travels in Rus- 

 sia, Tartar;/, and Turkey, p. 236. and 332. Tooke's 

 Account of the Nations which compose the Rusxian 

 Empire, vol. iv. P. S. Pallas Reisen durch vers- 

 chiedene Provinzen des Russischen Reichs in den 

 Jahren % 1768 bis 1773, vol. i. Bergman Noma- 

 ditche Strcifereien unter den Kalmvkcn, &c. Grozier 

 Description generate de la Chine, vol. i. Histoire ge- 

 nerate de la Chine, torn. xi. p. 550; and Kdin. Trans. 

 vol.i.p. 178. See also CHINA, and TARTARY. (p) 



CALNE, a town of England in Wiltshire, situa- 

 ted on the banks of the river Marlen, which supplies 

 it with water, and gives motion to several fulling and 

 corn mills. The town is clean and well built, and is 

 supposed to have risen out of the ruins of a Roman 

 colony near Studley, where several Roman coins 

 have been found. The church dedicated to St Mary 

 is a large building, and has a handsome square tower 

 at the north-east end. The Presbyterians, Quakers, 

 and Anabaptists, have each a meeting-house in this 

 place. Under the patronage of the Marquis of 

 Landsdowne, whose seat is at Bowood, about two 

 miles from the town, the market-house has been 

 greatly improved. In this place was one of the pa- 

 laces of the West Saxon kings ; and, from the names 

 of Castle-street and Castle-field, it is supposed that 

 there had formerly been a castle in the neighbour- 

 hood, though no traces of it have yet been discovered. 

 There was also here an hospital of black canons, de- 

 dicated to St John. Broad cloth, serges, and other 

 articles in the cloth trade, are manufactured here to 

 a considerable extent, and are sent to every part of 

 England by means of the Wiltshire and Berkshire 

 canal, which runs close to the town. Calne sends 

 two members to parliameut, who are elected by its 

 burgesses. The corporation consists of two guild 

 Stewarts, who are elected every year, and an unlimit- 

 ed number of burgesses. 



It was here that St Dunstan, archbishop of Can- 

 terbury, performed his famous miracle, in the reign 

 of Edward the Martyr. At the great synod which 

 had assembled to determine the controversy between 



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the monks and the secular priests, the floor of the Ctloehilut 

 liall suddenly gave w*y, while Bishop Beornbilm I 

 was pleading for the priests ; and a great number of , r 

 the members were either killed or bruised by the 

 fall, iv hili- the seat of St Dunstan alone remained 

 firm. This artful prelate had ordered some of the 

 beams of the floor to be sawn asunder, and had indu- 

 ced the king to abandon hts attention of attending 

 the synod. 



On the London road, about three miles east of 

 Calne, is the figure of a huge white horse, in a trot- 

 ting attitude, which is formed by paring the turf 

 from the side of a chalk hill. It measures about 157 

 feet from the head to the tail. Number of houses 

 755. Population in 1801, 3767, of whom 1977 were 

 returned as employed in trade and manufactures. Po- 

 pulation in 1811, 5062. (*) 



CALOCHILUS, a genus of plants of the class 

 Gynandria, and order Monandria. See BOTAMY, 

 p. 317 ; and Brown's Prodromus Plant. Aov. lloll. 

 &c. p. 320. 



CALODENDRUM, a genus of plants of the 

 class Pentandria, and order Monogynia. See BOTA- 

 NY, p. 153. 



CALOGYNE, a genus of plants of the class 

 Pentandria, and order Monogynia. See BOTANY* 

 p. 175 ; and Brown's Prodromus Plant. Nov. Holl. 

 &c. p. 579. 



CALOMERIA, or HUMEA of Dr Smith, a ge- 

 nus of plants of the class Syngenesia, and order Po- 

 lygamia jEqualis. See BOTANY, p. 311. 



CALOPHYLLUM, a genus of plants of the 

 class Poiyandria, and order Monogynia. See BOTA- 

 NY, p. 234. 



CALORIC. See CHEMISTRY and HEAT. 

 CALORIMETER. See CHEMISTRY. 

 CALOSTEMMA, a genus of plants of the class. 

 Hexandna, and order Monogynia. See BOTANY*. 

 p. 196. ; and Brown's Prodromus Plant. Aor. Holt. 

 p. 297. 



CALOTROPIS, a genus of plants of the class 

 Pentandria, and order Digynia. See BOTANY, p. 

 1 75 ; and Brown, Werner ian Transactions, vol. L p. 28. 

 CALPIDIA. See PISOSIA. 

 CALTHA, a genus of plants of the class Poiy- 

 andria, and order Polygyuia. See BOTANY, p. 239. 

 CALUMET, an instrument in use among the 

 Indians of North America, and universally regarded 

 by them as the emblem of peace. It corresponds, in 

 a great degree, to the flag of truce as employed among 

 the nations of Europe. 



In the New World, the mode of expressing by ar- 

 bitrary signs, a disposition of amity towards stran- 

 gers or rival tribes, is subject to considerable varia- 

 tions. Among the islanders of the Pacific Ocean, 

 the usual indication of friendship, is the green branch 

 borne aloft in the hand. On the western coast of 

 North America, the Indians approached the English, 

 under Captain Cook, presenting as they advanced, a 

 staff or baton curiously wrought, and surmounted 

 with a knot of feathers. But among all the savage 

 nations, occupying the territory beyond the north- 

 ern limits of the Spanish possessions, the symbol of 

 peace is the tobacco pipe j and it is to this ii 



For a particular account of their religion, see TRUST. 



