CAN 



371 



CAN 



the first sally of their new allies was discouraging and 

 v disastrous, and soon Ird to the surrender of their ci- 

 ty. The command of the forlorn hope had been en- 

 ted to the Duke of Beaufort, admiral of France. 

 He advanced furiously against the enemy, and at- 

 tacked him within his trenches ; but in the midst of 

 the engagement, a magazine of powder was set on 

 fin-, when Beaufort and the flower of the French 

 leaders disappeared for ever. The soldiers fled in 

 disorder, and the Duke of Noailles with difficulty ef- 

 fected a safe retreat within the city. The French 

 accused the Venetians of treachery, and prepared to 

 reimbark. Their departure determined the fate of 

 Candia, which, after a siege of 24 years, surrendered 

 to the Turks. Of more than 80,000 Christians that 

 had entered this city since the beginning of the siege, 

 500 only remained ; and above 100,000 Ottomans 

 perished at the foot of its walls. The Grand Vizier 

 entered Candia on the 4th of October 1670, and the 

 whole island submitted to his dominion, except the 

 forts of Sude, Grabusa, and Spina Longua. These 

 continued in the possession of the Venetians until 

 1715, when they were reduced by the Turks, who 

 have remained masters of the island ever since. 



Besides the division of this island into governments, 

 these are subdivided into provinces, which we shall 

 content ourselves at present with merely enumerating. 

 In the government of Canea are Kissamos, Selino, 

 Cydonia, and Apocorona; in the pachalic of Retimo 

 are Retimo, Aion-Vassali, and Amari ; and in that 

 of Candia are Sphachia, Candia, Nilo-Potamo, the 

 island of Stan-Dia, Messara, Mirabel, Hiera-Petra, 

 and Settia. See Savary's Letters on Greece, p. 203, 

 &c. ; Olivier's Travels in the Ottoman Empire, vol. ii. 

 p. 266, &c. ; and Sonnini's Travels in Greece and 

 Turkey, p. 209, &c. (p) 



CANDIA, the capital of the island of Candia, 

 and from which the island derives its name, is situa- 

 ted on a beautiful plain, watered by the river Cera- 

 tus. It is supposed, both by Savary and Sonnini, 

 to occupy the site of the ancient Heraclea ; but Oli- 

 vier rather refers it to port Panormus, which, accord- 

 ing to Ptolemy, lay between Cytacum and Hera- 

 clea. It received its present name from the Saracens, 

 who, on their first arrival upon the island, built the 

 fortress of Chandak, which, in the Arabic language, 

 signifies " entrenchment," and which was converted 

 by the Venetians into Candia. 



This city, which is of a semicircular form, and about 

 four miles in circumference, is strongly fortified by 

 walls, ditches, and % advanced works ; and its ap- 

 proaches by sea are defended by a strong wall, built 

 on rocks, and mounted with several pieces of cannon. 

 Its streets and squares are regular and well built, 

 and are evidently the work of the Venetians ; but 

 several divisions of the city are void of inhabitants, 

 many of whom, together with the foreign merchants, 

 have removed to Canea. It is, however, still the re- 

 sidence of the Pacha Serasquier and his military coun- 

 cil, which consists of a kyaia or lieutenant, an aga of 

 the janissaries, two commanders of the artillery, a 

 treasurer-general of the imperial revenues, a keeper 

 of the imperial treasury, and the chief officers of the 

 army. Of the many beautiful churches built by 

 the Venetians, three only are now possessed by the 



Christians, the handsomest having been convened 

 into mosques. The Jews have a synagogue here, 'and 

 the Capuchins a small convent. The harbour of 

 Candia is naturally a fine baton, securely sheltered 

 from every storm ; and, if properly cleared, would 

 contain from thirty to forty sail of merchant vessels. 

 But the Turks, by their general improvidence, have 

 allowed it to be so choked up with mud and sand, 

 that boats and the small barks of the country only 

 can enter it ; and the docks and arsenals, which were 

 constructed by the Venetians for building gallics, 

 and putting them under cover when laid up, are also 

 allowed to fall fast into decay. Ships that load at 

 this port must take in their cargoes at Stan-Dia, a 

 small island about four leagues off, and opposite to 

 Candia, where the goods are conveyed in boats, and 

 where there are three capital road-steads in its south 

 quarter. From this inconvenience, the trade of Can- 

 dia, which was so extensive and flourishing under the 

 Venetians, is now almost annihilated ; and with its 

 trade have also fled the majority of its inhabitants. 

 Its population scarcely amounts to 14,000, of whom 

 2000 or 3000 only are Greeks, and 60 Jews. 

 Candia is chiefly famous for its siege; for which, see 

 the preceding article, and the references subjoined to 

 it. N. Lat. 35 19', E. Long. 25 18'. (p) 



CANDLE is an article so well known in domestic 

 economy, as to render any description of it entirely 

 superfluous. The term is obviously derived from 

 the Latin candela, and that from candere, to burn. 

 Candles are by no means a modern invention, though 

 lamps seem to have been chiefly used by the ancients 

 for domestic purposes. Mention is made of some- 

 thing like candles, both of tallow and wax, and not 

 unfrequently of pitch. The wicks were originally 

 small cords ; afterwards the papyrus and the pith of 

 rushes were used. But the ancients seem at no time 

 to have been able to produce an article in any degree 

 to be compared with the candles of modern times. 



Candles, as we shall notice afterwards, may be 

 manufactured from a great variety of substances, but 

 those chiefly employed are tallow and wax. 



1. Tallow Candles. Candles made from tallow 

 are either dipped or moulded. The first kind are 

 the candles in common use, and have been long known 

 in commerce ; the second sort is a more recent inven- 

 tion, and claimed by a Parisian. We propose to give 

 our readers a short account of the mode of manu- 

 facturing both kinds. 



The tallow employed by the candlemaker consists 

 chiefly of ox and sheep tallow. That obtained from 

 the hog is rarely used, on account of the bad smell 

 which it has in burning, as well as a thick black 

 smoke ; but chiefly on account of its being easily 

 melted, a quality of the very worst kind, as will be 

 shewn afterwards. 



The first part of the process of candle-making is 

 to sort the tallow. Sheep-tallow, with a portion of 

 the best ox-tallow, is set aside for the moulded can- 

 dles. Candles made principally from sheep-tallow 

 have a better gloss and firmer texture than those 

 which are manufactured wholly from ox-tallow. This 

 last kind, with the inferior pieces of sheep-tallow, 

 are used for making dipped candles. The quality of 

 the candles depends as much upon the care and clean- 



