CAN 



CANDY. See CEYLON. 



CANE. See SUGAR. 



CANEA, a seaport town of Candia, lies on the 

 north side of the island, at the eastern extremity of a 

 large bay, and is supposed to occupy the site of the 

 ancient Cydonia. Canea is of an oblong figure, about 

 two miles in circumference, and defended by a strong 

 wall, and a broad and deep ditch cut through a bed 

 of rock. It has four bastions on the land side, and 

 a raveline at the north-east corner. Towards the 

 sea, on the left of the harbour, are four batteries 

 mounted with heavy cannon, and, on the right, is a 

 strong wall extending along a chain of pointed rocks, 

 at the extremity of which is an old castle now falling 

 into ruins. The streets are straight and spacious, 

 the squares are adorned with fountains, but there are 

 no buildings in it worthy of notice. The houses are 

 mostly of one story, with flat roofs forming a ter- 

 race ; and some of them, which are contiguous to the 

 harbour, are adorned with balconies, which command 

 an extensive prospect of the bay, formed between 

 Cape Spada and Cape Melecca. Canea is the most 

 flourishing, and in proportion to its extent, the most 

 populous city of Candia. It carries on a consider- 

 able trade in olive oil and soap. It exports wax and 

 honey to the Archipelago, and wine to all parts of 

 the Levant. The harbour, however, which, by a 

 little attention, might be rendered both safe and com- 

 modious, is completely neglected by the Turks. Ves- 

 sels are allowed to throw overboard whatever in- 

 commodes them, and not unfrequently a part of their 

 ballast. The basin is thus choked up, and can now 

 scarcely admit ships of two hundred tons burden. 

 The immense arsenals built by the Venetians are also 

 falling to ruins. They are vaulted with stone, and 

 sufficiently large for containing a ship of the line, 

 which, from the nature of their situation, might be 

 built there, and then launched into the water. But 

 Turkish indifference is a complete bar to every spe- 

 cies of improvement, for promoting the commerce 

 and the public prosperity of the country. M. Sava- 

 ry reckons the population of this city at 15,000 souls; 

 while Olivier reduces it to little more than 7000, 

 among whom are upwards of 4-000 Turks, 2000 or 

 3000 Greeks, 150 Jews, 4- French houses, and some 

 Italians. 



In the neighbourhood of Canea are some fine fo- 

 rests of olive trees, intersected with cultivated fields, 

 orange groves, vineyards, and gardens. The rocks 

 arc covered with the famous dittany'of Crete, so ce- 

 lebrated by the ancients, which is gathered by the 

 peasants into small bundles, and brought to market. 

 Nrar this town are huts erected fur the accommoda- 

 tion of lepers, who subsist upon the produce of a 

 small garden, und the alms of passengers ; and on 

 the side of the highway are exposed the bodies of 

 criminals, who have undergone the dreadful punish- 

 ment of empakment. " They are ranged," says M. 

 Soiinini, " on each side of the road ; and in this 

 dreadful rank are seen men, whose body is longitu- 

 dinally transpierced by a stake, some dead, others ex- 

 piring, some booking their pipe with as much sang- 

 froid as it they were sitting on cushions, railing at 

 the Europeans, and living, as long as twenty four 

 hours, in the most excruciating torments." North 



YOL. V. PART I. 



CAN 



Lat. 35 28', East Long. 24- 15'. See Olivier'* 



Tnn i-!.i in Iht- (Ht'>nuin Empire, vol. li. p. 288 ; Son- 

 nini's Travels in (;/> i- nml Turkey, p. 211 ; and 

 Savary's l.cllert on Greece, p. 307. (;>) 



CANELLA, a ^enus of plants of the cla Do- 

 decandria, and order Monogynia. See BOTANY, 

 p. 224-. 



CANEPHORA, or CANRPHOHUS, a genus of 

 plants of the class Pentandria, and order Monogy- 

 nia. See BOTANY, p. 150. 



CANICULAR YEAR. See CHRONOLOGY. 



CAN1S MAJOR, the name of a constellation in 

 the southern hemisphere. In Ptolemy's catalogue, 

 it contains 29 stars ; in Tycho's, 13 ; in Hevelius's, 

 21 ; in the Britannic catalogue, 31 ; and in the ca- 

 talogue printed in the article ASTRONOMY, vol. iv. 

 p. 778, we have given the position of 24 of the prin- 

 cipal stars. (TV) 



CAN1S MINOR, the name of a constellation in 

 the southern hemisphere. In Ptolemy's catalogue, 

 it contains 2 stars ; in Tycho's, 5 ; in Hevelius's, 

 13 ; in the Britannic catalogue, 14- ; and in the 

 catalogue printed in the article ASTRONOMY, vol. 

 iv. p. 778, we have given the longitude and latitude 

 of 8 of the principal stars. (n>) 



CANNA, a genus of plants of the class Monan- 

 dria, and order Monogynia. See BOTANY, p. 82. 



CANNABIS, a genus of plants of the class Dioc- 

 cia, and order Pentandria. See BOTANY, p. 335. 



CANNAE, in ancient geography, a small town of 

 Italy, situated on the river Aufidus in Apulia, not 

 far from the sea. The traces of Cannae are at pre- 

 sent very faint, consisting of a few fragments of walls, 

 gates, and altars, with some excavations. Even the 

 river seems to have degenerated from its ancient gran- 

 deur, its sounding stream, so much celebrated by the 

 poets, being, when visited by Swinburne, but a tame 

 muddy rivulet. The embankments, however, by 

 which its encroachments are restrained, sufficiently at- 

 test its force in winter, when it is swelled by the 

 mountain torrents. Cannse is chiefly remarkable for 

 the battle fought in its vicinity, between Hannibal 

 and the Romans in the second Punic war. This 

 great engagement.which nearly annihilated the power 

 of Rome, and which, in that case, would have total- 

 ly altered the destinies of the world, was fought in 

 the year of Rome 536, before the Christian aera 

 216. 



After the battles of Trebia and Trasimenus, in 

 which the flower of the Romans perished, nothing 

 short of madness could have prompted the senate and 

 people to oppose to the victorious veterans of Han- 

 nibal their raw tumultuary levies, however numi us 

 and brave. Fabius Maximus accordingly adopted 

 the wise policy of protracting the war ; and content- 

 ing himself with a moderate number of troops, to >k 

 care never to lose sight of the enemy, but at the -.dine 

 time not to come to a regular engagement. By this 

 mode of warfare, the only one that has ever been suc- 

 cessful in similar circumstances, the Carthaginians, in 

 an enemy's country, were speedily thinned by the 

 sword, famine, and disease. In proportion as the 

 Romans increased in numbers and experience, the in- 

 vading army was diminished and disheartened ; and so 

 nearly was Hannibal worn out by this plan, that hif 

 3s 



