CAR 



436 



CAR 



Caracci a great expence, well-chosen models of men and wo- 

 H men ; and had collected at Rome a number of fine 

 Caramania. casts from t ^ e best fig ures , and some antique statues 

 ""*""" ' and curious basso-relievos. He took care to procure 

 the most capital designs of the great masters ; to 

 purchase instructive books on all subjects relative 

 to the art; and engaged the assistance of a very 

 skilful anatomist, who taught the disciples what- 

 ever might be necessary to be known relative to the 

 knitting of the bones, and the insertion of the mus- 

 cles. His cousins, who were his pupils, were after- 

 wards employed along with him in the management 

 of this academy. The style of these great masters 

 was nearly the same, varied only by the diversity of 

 disposition and temper. Ludovico, with less fire and 

 vigour than Agostino and Annibale, surpassed them 

 in the more pleasing, though less commanding, qua- 

 lities of grace, dignity, and sweetness. Mr Fuseli, 

 who gives him the decided preference to both, has so 

 well appreciated and described his manner, that we 

 cannot forbear transcribing his own animated words. 

 " Ludovico Caracci, far from subscribing to a mas- 

 ter's dictates, or implicit imitation of former styles, 

 was the sworn pupil of nature. To a modest but 

 dignified design, -to a simplicity eminently fitted for 

 those subjects of religious gravity which his taste 

 preferred, he joined that solemnity of hue, that sober 

 twilight, that air of cloistered meditation, which has 

 been so often recommended as the proper tone of his- 

 toric colour. Too often content to rear the humbler 

 graces of his subject, he seldom courted elegance, but 

 always when he did, with enviable success. Even now, 

 though they are nearly in a state of evanescence, the 

 three nymphs in the garden scene of S. Michele in 

 Bosco, seemed moulded by the hand, inspired by the 

 breath of Love. This genial glow he communicates 

 even to the open silvery tone of fresco. His master- 

 piece in oil is the altar-piece of St John the Baptist, 

 formerly in the Cortosa of Bologna, now in the 

 Louvre, a work all sainted by this solemn hue, whose 

 lights seemed embrowned by a golden veil. But Lu- 

 dovico sometimes indulged and succeeded in tones aus- 

 tere, unmixed, and hardy : such is the Flagellation of 

 Christ in the same church, of which the tremendous 

 depth of the flesh tints contrasts with the stern blue 

 of the wide expanded sky, and less conveys than 

 dashes its terrors on the astonished sense." (^) 



CARACTACUS. See BRITAIN, p. 563. 



CARALLUMA, a genus of plants of the class 

 Pentaudria, and order Digynia. See BOTANY, p. 

 180. 



CARAMANIA, or CARAMAN-ILI, as it is called 

 by the Turks, is a province of Asiatic Turkey, which 

 stretches along that part of the Mediterranean which 

 lies to the north of the island of Cyprus, and ex- 

 tends a little to the west of Cape Volpe, near the Isle 

 of Rhodes. This province formerly comprehended 

 the ancient countries of Pamphylia, Lycia, Pisidia, 

 Lycaonia, Isauria, Cilicia, part of Phrygia, Gala- 

 tia, and Cappadocia. The part of the coast of Ca- 

 ramania, which once formed Pamphylia, is washed 

 by very deep water, so that ships may approach very 

 near it, without the risk of running aground. The 

 coast is in general elevated and dry, and is broken 

 by numerous intersections. The mountains behind 



the coast have a gloomy green appearance, and are 

 covered with vast forests, which are either neglected 

 or destroyed by the Turks. At the island of Castel 

 Rosso, (the Roge of Pliny), there is an excellent 

 harbour open to navigators ; but the depth of wa- 

 ter within it is so great, that ships are under the ne- 

 cessity of anchoring in 60 or 80 fathoms. There is 

 a fortified castle on the summit of the rock which forms 

 this island. The part of the coast of Caramania, from 

 Castel Rosso to the entrance of the Gulf of Macri, is 

 not so high as the coast to the eastward, but it is 

 equally perpendicular, and it consists of a white and 

 arid rock, and is divided by large ravines. The 

 admirable havens in the Gulf of Macri, are sufficient 

 for containing large fleets : Four of the havens which 

 are most retired, are frequented by a few vessels du- 

 ring the winter months, when the navigation of the 

 Archipelago is dangerous. The crews were allowed 

 to cut down the finest trees at no expence, and with- 

 out any interruption from the inhabitants ; and after 

 refitting their vessels, they carried cargoes of wood 

 to the ports where it brought the highest price. The 

 immense variety of game and fish furnished them, at 

 the same time, with plenty of food, and with nume- 

 rous sources of amusement. 



" If the wind has ever so little strength," says Son- 

 nini, " the sea is always very high in the strait formed 

 by Caramania and the island of Rhodes. The waves 

 rise there sometimes in a frightful manner ; the cur- 

 rents, which, in a ,sea intersected by islands and pro- 

 jecting lands, vary and clash, are the cause of this ex- 

 trordinary agitation, which is likewise increased by 

 inconstant and irregular winds. Indeed, it frequently 

 happens, that the wind is different in several parts of 

 the same channel, and that, on one side, there reigns a 

 flat calm, while, on the other, the winds blow with 

 violence. Not only are the winds inconstant in these 

 obstructed seas, but they are here felt by sudden and 

 impetuous squalls, which are followed and preceded 

 by dead calms; and these violent gusts are sometimes 

 announced by infallible signs. 



Above the high mountains, of which the coast of 

 Caramania is for the most part formed, it is not un- 

 common, in clear weather, to see a very small black 

 cloud, frequently no bigger in appearance than a bird. 

 This globe of vapours is extremely agitated; at first 

 very small, it spreads all on a sudden, contracts, appears, 

 and disappears, at intervals, above the mountains, and 

 changes its form every instant. How calm soever 

 the atmosphere may be, a sudden and violent squall 

 may be expected at the sight of these insulated clouds, 

 which discharge the wind with so much rapidity and 

 vehemence, that if a ship be not prepared for being 

 overtaken by it, she runs a great risk of losing part 

 of her sails, and even her masts and yards. On the 

 28th of October, we experienced one of these sud- 

 den squalls, after a calm which had kept the ship 

 stationary abreast of Cape Crio, a large promontory 

 of Caramania. During this calm, a numerous shoal 

 of fishes, cleaving the water level with its surface, 

 and even darting above it, passed close to us with 

 great rapidity ; and the agitation of these inhabitants 

 of the depths of the sea, is always a certain presage 

 of an approaching and violent agitation in the atmo. 

 sphere and the waters. A small cloud, the precursor 

 1 



