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bination. A very particular and excellent description 

 , more striking parts, is to be found in the woi k 

 of Mr Malkin, referred to at the end of this article. 



Though the people understand English better than 

 they appear to do, the language of Cardiganshire is 

 almost wholly Welsh. As the judges are English, 

 the intervention of an interpreter becomes necessary : 

 this circumstance occasions great inconvenience, and 

 some very absurd and unfair decisions. The inhabi- 

 tants, however, do not suffer much from this cause in 

 a religious point of view ; because the church services 

 are almost universally performed in Welsh, so that 

 none but the genteel part of the congregation are 

 prevented from deriving benefit. The dialect which 

 re spoken in this county, comes nearer than that in 

 any other to the modern literary or written dialect. 



The inhabitants of this part of Wales are peculiarly 

 simple in their manners ; they get but small wages 

 for their labour ; their mode of living is extremely 

 coarse ; their mud- walled cottages, (for they have no 

 good stone for building, and no lime,) are ugly with- 

 out, and squalid within ; their internal intercourse, 

 and their communication with other places, are very 

 rare ; they are seldom known to emigrate from the 

 narrow spot of their nativity ; and, like most other 

 people in their circumstances, they are much given 

 to hospitality. 



The Bay of Cardigan, which bounds the west side 

 of this county, abounds in various kinds of fish. 

 There are cod, whitings, herrings, &c. In catch- 

 ing these, a great number of people find employ- 

 ment in the proper seasons. The monk-fish, other- 

 wise called the angel-fish, is also found here in plen- 

 ty, and sometimes so large as to weigh 160 pounds. 

 It is said that blue sharks, of a monstrous size, have 

 been sometimes seen ; but from the description given 

 of the fish, this is probably a mistake. In the river 

 Tivy, very fine salmon are caught ; and in the va- 

 rious streams which water this county, all the com- 

 mon fresh water fish are to be met with. 



The only manufactures of any consequence in this 

 county, are the iron and tin works, which were esta- 

 blished in the neighbourhood of Cardigan, about 50 

 years ago, and which are still carried on to a consi- 

 derable extent. From the want of good harbours, the 

 maritime trade of Cardiganshire is comparatively tri- 

 fling. The chief exports are iron, tin, black cattle, 

 pigs, salt butter, barley, and oats. At the large fairs, 

 of which there are several, a good deal of business is 

 transacted in the staple commodities of the county. 

 Rhosvair, in particular, a place near the source of the 

 Tivy, is celebrated for its fairs of sheep and black 

 cattle. A great proportion of the wool is spun and 

 manufactured by the inhabitants for their own use. 

 The rest, more especially the coarser part of it, is 

 mostly sent to the English market. 



Cardiganshire is, at an average, about 40 miles in 

 length, and 20 in breadth. It contains726 square miles, 

 or 464,64-0 acres, of which about 145,000 are in pas- 

 turage, about 100,000 in a course of tillage, and 

 the rest in waste, plantations, &c. It is divided in- 

 to five hundreds, vr/.. Geneurglyn, liar, Moyddyn, 

 Pennarth, and Troedyroyr ; has five market- town?, 

 viz. Aberystwith, Cardigan, Llanbadarnvawr, Llan- 

 beder, and Tregaron ; contains 77 parishes, and sends 



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one member to parliament. It lies in the province of Cardinal 

 Canterbury, and diocese of St David's, and it in- * ~ 

 eluded in the North Wales circuit. In 1H01, the 

 number of houses in it was 9040, and of inhabitants 

 i6{ c,f the i-, '..'0,408 were males, and 22,548 fe- 

 males ; 281)6 were employed in trade and manufac- 

 tures, and It), 51 1 in agricultural pursuits. In 1*11, 

 the population was 50,60. In 1806, it paid ^175,21 3 

 of property. tax ; and, in 1803, it paid one part of the 

 lard-tax, and * 10,167 of poor's-rate. See the De- 

 .'i-.ti.'linn if I '.upland and l\'ale, vol. i. p. 28ii ; A 

 Tour in Wales, <Spf. in the Summer of 1805, in Phil- 

 lips' Collection, vol. iv. ; Agricultural Survey of Car. 

 diirnnshire ; and Malkin's Scenery, Antiquities, Sfc. 

 of South Wale*, vol. ii. (T) 



CARDINAL is more particularly applied to an 

 ecclesiastic in the church of Rome, who is a member 

 of the conclave, and who is invested with the power 

 of electing the pope. 



The origin of this order is involved in a consider- 

 able degree of obscurity; but there can be no doubt 

 that it derived its existence from the oligarchical na- 

 ture of the form of church government adopted by 

 the see of Rome, and the desire which all who have 

 sat in the chair of St Peter have shewn to render the 

 city of Rome the centre of all ecclesiastical power, 

 and to which those who looked forward to the ac- 

 quisition of dignities or preferment in the Catholic 

 church, were alone to direct their attention. The 

 aggrandisement of papal jurisdiction was a favourite 

 object of pursuit with all the bishops of Rome ; and 

 by means skilfully contrived, and as skilfully exe- 

 cuted, they succeeded most effectually in accomplish- 

 ing their purpose. 



. Some difference of opinion has existed respecting 

 the origin of the name cardinal; and yet it is strange 

 that, upon a subject which appears to be so plain, 

 ingenious men should call forth all their learning and 

 acuteness in tracing the etymology of a word which 

 appears to be so obvious, and accords so well with 

 the analogy of the language. Among the Latins, 

 the word cardlnalis signifies principal. Thus, qua- 

 tnor venli cardinalcs, the four cardinal or chief winds ; 

 prhiceps cardinal is, a sovereign prince ; missa cardi- 

 nalis, the great mass ; and, altnre cardinale, the 

 great altar of a church. The name was even applied 

 to those who held the chief civil offices in the state 

 under the Emperor Theodosius. 



The cardinals, who with the pope constitute the 

 conclave, or sacred college, are composed of three 

 distinct orders, viz. deacons, presbyters, and bishop?. 

 It may be proper to observe, that in towns there 

 were three sorts of churches. The one was called 

 Titidl, or parish churches, in which the people as- 

 sembled for the general purposes of public worship, 

 to hear the liturgies read, and to receive the sacra- 

 ment. The second was called Diaconus, or deacon - 

 ries, which were public hospitals for the benefit of 

 the poor, and to these were annexed chapels. The 

 third were oratories, in which it was not permitted 

 either to administer baptism or the sacrament. Pri- 

 vate mass was performed in them by chaplains or 

 presbyters appointed for the express purpose, who 

 had the title of local or stationary ; and in order to 

 distinguish the parish priests from those who offici- 



