CAR 



455 



CAR 



C.in.i. 



rduui will be found in the Mem. Acad. Par. 1762. p. 189. 

 The existing laws respecting cards will be found 

 , in the Act 43 Geo. III. 



CA RDUUS, a genus of plants of the class Synge- 

 nesis, and order Polygamia ./Equalii. See BOTANY, 

 p. 2!'.",. 



CAREX, a genus of plants of the class Monoccia, 

 and order Triandria. See BOTANY, p. 320. 



CARGILLIA, a genus of plants of the class 

 Polygamia, and order Dioccia. See BOTANY, p. 

 34-8 ; and Brown's Prodromus Plant. Nov. Holl. &c. 

 p. 52(5. 



CARIA was an ancient kingdom in Asia Minor; 

 the limits of which are defined so differently by dif- 

 ferent authors, that we should be tempted to reject 

 their authority altogether, were it not more congenial 

 to the spirit of legitimate criticism to reconcile their 

 discrepancy, by supposing that they describe this re- 

 gion as it xvas extended or contracted at different 

 periods. We, perhaps, approximate as near as pos- 

 sible to the truth, when we say, that it was bounded 

 on the east by Phrygia and Lycia ; on the south by 

 the Mediterranean Sea ; on the west by the /Egean 

 ftea ; and on the north by Ionia and the river Me- 

 ander, which separated \i from Lydia. Surrounded 

 by the sea on two sides, its inhabitants were drawn 

 to maritime affairs more than to agriculture ; and 

 hence its valleys, though numerous and well shelter- 

 ed, were not so fruitful as the hand of industry might 

 have rendered them ; but its mountains were covered 

 with flocks, the wool of which, from its superior 

 quality, formed an article of commerce with the 

 neighbouring states. The principal cities of this dis- 

 trict, on the south, were Calinda, Caminus, Physcus ; 

 on the west, Cnidus, Ceramus, Halicarnassus, Myn- 

 <ius, Miletus ; and in the interior, Antiochia, Lao- 

 dicea, Trapazopolie, Aphrodisias, Apollonia, Ala- 

 banda, Stratonice, Tendeba, Pedasa, and Alinda. 



Nothing ia more difficult than to trace the name 

 and the inhabitants of an ancient dynasty to their 

 source, and in the present case we are involved in the 

 deepest obscurity. Whether the Carians, as they 

 assert, were aborigines, or, according to the asser- 

 tion of others, Pelasgians or Cretans, is unknown ; 

 but the country rises on the page of history at a very 

 early period under the name of Phoenicia, a name 

 originating in the dominion which the Phoenicians 

 exercised over it. Car, who has descended to us as 

 the brother of Lydus and Mysus, two prinres who 

 gave names to Lydia and Mysia, accompanied by a 

 band of his countrymen, emigrated from Maconia, 

 the ancient name of Lydia, over which his father 

 reigned ; and settling in this region, called it Caria, 

 a name derived from his own. This account, given 

 us by Herodotus, receives some confirmation from a 

 temple built at Mylases, dedicated to Jupiter the 

 Canan, and in which, from the most remote antiquity, 

 the Carians, the Lydians, and the Mysians, assembled 

 together, as if descended from the same source, to 

 worship their common god. Governed by the wisdom 

 and defended by the bravery of Car and his descend- 

 ants, the inhabitants of this country rose to power 

 and to eminence, wrested the island of Rhodes from 

 the Phoenicians ; and, emboldened by this first suc- 

 cess, embarked thtir daring veterans, and subjugated 



the other islands of the neighbouring sen. To re- 

 concile the contradictory accounts which Thucydidct 

 and Herodotus give of their history after this period, 

 we must suppose, with the former, that Minos II. 

 forced them, at first, to abandon these islands ; and, 

 with the latter, that he afterwards allowed them to 

 return to their possessions, upon receiving from them 

 a number of ships to increase his navy. But when 

 Greece advanced in power and enterprise, she landed 

 various bands of bold adventurers on the coasts of 

 Caria, and drove the inhabitants to the mountains and 

 barren parts of the country. The hardships and 

 dangers, however, to which the natives were thus ac- 

 customed, gradually formed them for the most daring 

 exploits ; and incited them, not only to recover the 

 territory which they had lost, but likewise to push 

 their conquests and their commerce by sea. It was 

 about this period, that, having acquired by their skill 

 and courage high military renown, they began as 

 mercenaries to assist the neighbouring nations that 

 were engaged in war, and their assistance was ardent- 

 ly sought and liberally rewarded. When, therefore, 

 eleven of the twelve kings, who had divided Egypt 

 among themselves, joined to expel Psammetichus from 

 his division ; that wise and magnanimous prince en- 

 gaged the Carians with some other mercenaries to es- 

 pouse his cause ; and it was chiefly by their means 

 that on the field he extinguished the hopes of his ri- 

 vals, and united under his authority the kingdom of 

 Egypt. About this period the independence of the 

 Carians was threatened by Alyattes king of Lydia, 

 who invaded their territories with a mighty army ; 

 but their address or bravery either averted or braved 

 his superior power during his whole reign. The hap- 

 pier destiny of Croesus, however, accomplished what 

 his father attempted ; and in his victorious career, he 

 rendered Caria dependent upon his throne, though it 

 appears still to have been governed by its own kings. 

 The friendship which the Carians had formed with 

 the Egyptians in the days of Psammetichus continued 

 during the three successive reigns; and when Apries, 

 the last of his race who wielded the sceptre, endea- 

 voured to subdue his subjects who, under the com- 

 mand of Amasis, opposed his tyranny, the Carians 

 defended the authority and shared in the disgrace of 

 that monarch on the plains of Memphis. They af- 

 terwards entered into an alliance with the usurper, 

 which was confirmed with Psammenitus his son ; and 

 the bravest of his forces fell on the field of battle 

 when that monarch yielded to the superior fortune of 

 Cambyses and his Persians. The remainder of their 

 troops returned to their own country, which was now 

 almost reduced to a province of Lydia ; but the ven- 

 geance of the Persians still pursued them, till in the 

 wreck of the neighbouring kingdoms, they swelled 

 the triumph of Cyrus. But though subject to Persia, 

 they were still governed by native princes ; and when 

 Xerxes formed the inglorious design of extinguishing 

 the liberty of Greece, Artemisia I. who then ruled 

 in Caria, augmented his fleet by joining him with her 

 own, which she commanded in person. When that 

 monarch held a council of war to decide on the pro- 

 priety of engaging the enemy's fleet at the Streights 

 of Salamis, this princess was the only person who 

 had the wisdom and the courage to oppose the king, 



