CAR 



, t. There are different gradations of them, 

 ^ but seldom any occur in such a state of mere vegc- 

 taney as those that arc met with in the Valais in Swit- 

 Various causes have b.v.-ii assigned for thia 

 niclic.ly phenomenon. Two of these may be men- 

 They have been attributed by sonic writers 

 to confined air, others have considered them to be 

 the consequence of the badness or the scarcity of 

 wat 



The history of Carinthia comprises few topics of 

 This province was formerly a part 

 of Canua and Noricum, and it derives its name from 

 .ucient inhabitants of those regions, the Carni to 

 wit, who were a colony of the Ciltes, and were cal- 

 led in later times Carantani and Carinthi. The pre- 

 sent population of the country is descended partly 

 from the ancient Germans, and partly from the 

 Wends. This duchy at one time formed a part of 

 Bavaria. In 1282, the Emperor Rodolph I. con- 

 ferred it as a fief on the Count of Tyrol. He ha- 

 ving entered into a compromise with Albrccht of 

 Austria, in respect of which it was, on the extinc- 

 tion of his male issue, to descend to the heirs of Al- 

 brecht ; it was, accordingly, in 1335, put in pos- 

 session of the Austrian Duke Otto. At the time 

 of the division of the Austrian states, in 1395, this, 

 duchy, with some others, devolved upon the Styrian 

 line, and was held by the Styriau branch of that line. 

 Under Maximilian J. it formed one part of the mo- 

 narchy. It has since continued to belong to the 

 Austrian family, and of course is at present vest- 

 ed in the emperor as head of that house. This 

 duchy was in 1797 over-run by the French, under 

 Bonaparte. 



The following interesting particulars are extract- 

 ed from the latest statistical account of the Austrian 

 monarchy. 



The population, in 1801, of the circle of Klagen- 

 furth, 1 76,762 ; of Villach, 1 ] 7,815 ; and of the whole 

 duchy, 300,000. Number of marriages, 2912 j of 

 births, S26'0 ; and of deaths, 7288. 



Cities . . 11 



Market-towns 25 



Villages 2,801 



Houses 51,313 



Ecclesiastics . . 606 



Nobles 505 



People in employs . . 6'06 



Citizens 4,998 



Plains 27,932 



Artisans 21,399 



Lodgers 4 t,502 



Males 139,028 



Females , H(>,505 



lies .48 20'G 



Protestant parishes, 1789 16 



Protestants 15,355 



Convents after the reduction 19. 



Germans 250,000 



Slaves 50,000 



See Peuch"t's Didio>inaire Vniversel de la Ceo- 

 graphic Commer$ante ; Tableau Statistiquc de la Mo- 



CAR 



naicfiie AutriaUjjt^par Raymond St. Roth ; Ann. CirlUs 



ties d<- r II 1*1. i uUue* par 



M. MaltcBrun ; and Kuttner's Travels. (K) 



CARISSA, a genus of plants of the class Pentan- 

 diia, ;n c! order Munogynia. i>ec EOTAKV, p. 145. 



CARLINA, a genus of plants of the class Syn- 

 genebia, and order 1'olygamia^Equalis. Sjc BOTANY, 

 p. 292. 



CARLISLE, a city of great antiquity, in the 

 north of England, and the capital of the county of 

 Cumberland, is delightfully situated in a fertile vale, 

 on tliL- south side of the river Eden, which falls into 

 the Sol way Frith, live miles b-jlow ; having the Pettrell 

 on the ea..t, and CalJew on the west, both of which 

 empty themselves into this river, the former about a 

 mile above the city, and the latter about half a mile 

 below it. It was till very lately surrounded by an- 

 cient wall*, most part of which have been removed, 

 in order to afford materials for the construction of 

 the new courl-ho ises, and to enlarge the town. 

 Various opinions have been entertained by antiquari- 

 ans respecting the etymology of the word Carlisle. 

 It was called by the Romans and Britons, l.uguval' 

 Hum, and Liigpballiwn, or Luguballia. The most 

 probable notion is, that it is derived from the Celtic, 

 Caar, a city ; and Luel, signifying the town or city of 

 Luel. 



The history of Carlisle, prior to the time of the 

 Romans, is involved in much obscurity ; nor have we 

 any well authenticated account of the size or form of 

 the place in distant antiquity. Leland, an author 

 whose accuracy and veracity can hardly be disputed, 

 observes, " The hole site of the towne, is sore 

 chaungid. For whereas the strctes were, and great 

 edifices, now be vacant and garden plottes. The 

 cite of Cairlucl stondeth in the forest of Yngle- 

 wood. The cite ys yn compace scant a myle, and ys 

 walled with a right fay re and stronge wal, ex lapide 

 quadrato subriifa. Iu diggyng to make new build- 

 yngs yn the towne, often tymes hath bene, and now 

 alate fownd diverse foundations of the old cite, as 

 paivmentcs of stretes, so hold and mauldid, that when 

 yt was strongly touched yt went almost to mowlder." 

 After the departure of the Romans, it declined till 

 the 7th century, when Egfrid, king of Northumber- 

 land, rebuilt it, and encompased it with a strong wall 

 of stone. From the time ot this prince to the arrival 

 of the Danish invaders, it is supposed to have been 

 much augmented in importance and power. When, 

 however, those barbarous ravagers had possessed 

 themselves of the northern part of this island, it ap- 

 pears to have undergone a destruction so complete, 

 that it continued a heap of ruins till the time of the 

 Norman conquest, when one of William's subjects is 

 said to have built some parts of the city. But it was 

 not.till the reign of King William Rufus, that the 

 ecclesiastical buildings were erected, and the city for- 

 tified. Henry I. erected Carlisle into a bishop'* see, 

 and appointed Adelulph, his confessor, the first bi- 

 shop ; and likewise completed the monastery. Ste- 

 phen, about the beginning of his reign, gave this 

 country to David, king ot Scotland, to procure his 

 aid against Henry II. After the death of David, 

 which happened not long after, Stephen took Carlisle 

 from the Scots, and granted to the city the first char- 



