CAR 



"1, waters. The \ctibninnen, or New Spring, is not so 



warm as the former. It has, however, been in 

 S-B "Y~* > ' request for some years, and several changes havi- hem 

 proposed on the basin which receives it. Here is the 

 Mtthlcnbad and the Theresicnbrunni-n, with a house 

 built by the Empress Maria Theresa, the lower Btory 

 of which contains very fine baths, and apartments 

 for the bathers. The Schlottbrunnen, or Spring of 

 the Castle, has been more recently discovered. It 

 contains more fixed air than the rest, and has a tem- 

 perature from 120 to 125 of Fahrenheit. The 

 Kaltt- tiaucslhig is another excellent spring, which 

 issues out of a rock of granite behind the brasiery, 

 but has no basin. It is covered with a stratum of 

 fixed air, about five inches thick. 



According to the experiments of Klaproth, one 

 hundred cubic inches of the Carlsbad water contains, 



Grains- 



Dry carbonated soda 39 



Equal to 1074 g 1 " 3 * 03 when crystallised 



Dry sulphate of soda 70.*- 



Equal to 168 grains when crystallised 



Muriate of soda 34-J- 



Carbonate of lime 12 



Silex 21 



Oxide of iron .5. 



Of carbonic acid 32 cubic inches. 



I58| 



The waters of Carlsbad are used in a great variety 

 of disorders, but particularly in dyspeptic complaints, 

 obstructions of the abdominal viscera, diseases of the 

 urinary passages and kidneys, and in the uterine 

 system in females. About five pints, divided into 

 fourteen cup 9 , are drunk at an average by each in- 

 dividual every day. Several hundred pounds of sul- 

 phate of soda are annually prepared from the water. 

 The regular population of Carlsbad is about 3000 ; 

 and in the years 1799 and 1800, about 3000 stran- 

 gers came to take the benefit of the baths. E. Long. 

 12 52', N. Lat. 50 14' 58". See D. Becher, Ab- 

 handlung ubcr das Carlsbad, 1789, 3 vols. 8vo. ; 

 Begchrn6ttttg von Carlsbad, Prag. ; Carlsbad nnd 

 die umlicgende Gcgend von Hubert von Harrer, 

 Prag. 1801, 8vo. ; and Klaproth, Recherches chy. 

 tniques sur fes eaux de Carlsbad, Berlin, 1770, 8vo. 



CARLSCRONA, a sea-port town of Sweden, 

 m the province of Blekingen, South Gothland. It 

 derives its name from Charles XI. by whom it was 

 founded in the year 1680, as a station for his ships 

 of war. He removed them from Stockholm to this 

 place, which was greatly preferable, both on account 

 of the convenience of its situation, and the safety of 

 its harbour. And it has continued ever since to be 

 the grand, or rather the only, depot of the Swedish 

 fleet. 



The principal part of the town stands on a small 

 rocky island, which communicates with the main 

 land by a strong dike and two wooden bridges. The 

 mole, too, which lies close to the bason where the 

 fleet is moored, is covered with houses ; and there 

 are several little islands immediately adjoining, on 

 which the more wealthy inhabitants have their coun- 



A R 



try-scats and gardens. These euburbs ire fortified CarUcroe*. 

 towards the town by a stone wall. The town is ex- <- 

 tensive and spacious. Most of the houses are built 

 of wood. There arc a few tolerable ones of brick. 

 The new town house is a very handsome structure. 

 Tin- arsenal is a spacious and well furnished edifice. 

 And of the churches, one or two are rather elegant, 

 particularly the German church, which has been re- 

 cently erected, and which has a cupola covered with 

 copper. 



The harbour of Carlscrona is very large and com- 

 modious, being capable of holding 100 vessels. It 

 has depth of water sufficient for ships of the largest 

 size carrying their lower tier guns; and it is perfect- 

 ly protected, both by nature and art, from any hos- 

 tile attack by sea. Before it are many shallows, and 

 nearly 100 inconsiderable islands, which render the 

 navigation quite impracticable to strangers. Ships 

 of war, indeed, can only enter the harbour in one 

 way, i. c. between the islands of Aspo and Turko, 

 and these are furnished with batteries which com- 

 pletely command the passage. Formerly there was 

 another way, but it has been shut up by sinking some 

 frigates. There is still another entrance, but it ad- 

 mits of no vessels except those of light burden. 



The new docks at Carlscrona give to this town its 

 chief interest and importance. Originally ships, on 

 undergoing repair, were laid on their sides in the 

 open harbour. But in 1714, according to a plan of 

 Polhem, whose mechanical skill is celebrated in Swe- 

 den, a dock of considerable dimensions began to be 

 formed, by hollowing out the solid rock. This, how- 

 ever, though it was not finished till the year 1724, was 

 found to be too small for men of war ; and therefore 

 it was afterwards enlarged to the capacity of recei- 

 ving vessels of the first rate. In length it is 190 

 Swedish feet, in depth 33, and in breadth 46. When 

 full, it contains 300,000 cubic feet of water, and is 

 emptied by means of chain pumps, which require the 

 labour of 90 men constantly employed for ten hours, 

 and relieved every half hour. A dock so capacious, 

 hewed out of the solid rock, was unquestionably a 

 bold and grand undertaking ; but it is far surpassed 

 by the new docks which, in the language of Coxe, 

 " have been begun upon a stupendous plan, worthy 

 of the ancient Romans." According to the propo- 

 sed plan, accommodation is to be provided for twenty 

 ships of the line, which are to be kept dry, and un- 

 der cover. As these ships were to run directly from 

 the sea into the docks, it became necestary to erect 

 vast works, by which the violence of the waves might 

 be prevented from doing them injury. For this pur- 

 pose, it was requisite to have a solid foundation for 

 the walls and dams, and also for the places iu which 

 the vessels were to stand, and to provide these with 

 gates of large extent, and great strength. The ground, 

 in its natural state, was not favourable for the pur- 

 poses to which it was to be applied, some parts of it 

 being very low, and other parts of it very high. The 

 latter, therefore, consisting of granite rocks, were 

 removed by means of gunpowder introduced through 

 hollow tubes ; and tne former were filled up with 

 massy flat stones, cemented with puzzulana brought 

 from Naples, and carefully reduced to a smooth sur- 

 face. The form of the new docks is semicircular. 



