CARNIOLA. 





largest breed of cattK-. The number of hon.nl aui- 

 F < ,1 to ho iii th- country in the year 17 NO, was 



Tin- nnmli.T of horses, ;it tin- ^niic period, 

 _';*2. A very line nice- of horses in 

 not to I"- expected in mountainous districts lil.e thii ; 

 yet, on the mountain of Kaist, in this duchy, and in 

 tlu- valley of Gcil, in Caririthia, more- attention, it 

 may be observed, is paid to the horses, than is usually 

 given in other contiguous parts; and the horses of 

 Carniola, though generally only of a middle si/.e, are 

 yet known to be strong, and very sure footed, and 

 consequently well adapted for carrying burdens over 

 those mountainous grounds. Asses and mules, which 

 are in this respect so well calculated to be useful in 

 such districts, and may therefore commonly be ex- 

 pected in them, are here pretty numerous. There 

 are also considerable flocks of sheep, which have been 

 noted for the delicacy and tenderness of their flesh. 

 The rams are without horns ; and the fleeces which 

 are borne by the breed of sheep in this duchy, are 

 not inferior in quality to thoee of Padona. Game 

 and poultry abound here, as also fish. Numerous 

 bees are reared ; likewise silk worms : both which 

 classes of industrious insects, from the returns which 

 they have yielded, have been found objects well de- 

 serving the care of those who have directed to them 

 their attention. 



The principal rivers of Carniola are the Save, the 

 Laybach, the Gurk, and the Culpa. Of these, the 

 most considerable is the Save, which takes its rise 

 in Upper Carniola, near to the village of Ratschach, 

 and in its course receives the waters of all the other 

 rivers that have been mentioned. This river, though 

 it flows very rapidly, is yet navigable : it discharges 

 itself into the Danube at Belgrade, in Servia. The 

 chief lakes of the duchy are the Feldesser, the Wo- 

 chein, and the Zirknit/: Seac Both the rivers and 

 the lakes generally abound with fish. 



The duchy of Carniola is subdivided into several 

 inferior districts. These are the Upper, Lower, 

 Middle, and Inner Carniolas, and the Austrian Istria. 

 Certain lines of distinction have been traced, by 

 which it has been considered, that those divisions of 

 this territory might appropriately be marked out, 

 and separated from one another. These distinctions 

 are not, however, in every case very clear, or very 

 significant ; and, indeed, any thing or importance re- 

 lative to this matter might be comprised within very 

 narrow limits. With respect to Upper Carniola, it 

 is observed, that the air of that district is pure and 

 wholesome, that there is every where found in it 

 an abundance of good spring-water, and that this 

 division of the country raises commonly a sufficient 

 supply of corn for the support of its inhabitants. 

 Vines succeed here, but they are not found in great 

 quantity. The more usually cultivated crops are 

 raised with ease, and yield an early and abundant re- 

 turn. Yet the district is mountainous, and the air 

 on the upper grounds so chill, that the inhabitants 

 are exposed to degrees of cold not inferior to those 

 that are experienced in the higher parts of Scotland. 

 Lower Carniola contains many fruitful vallies and 

 tracts, and yields an excellent wine called Marchevin. 

 Middle Carniola is mountainous, and more noted for 

 the number of its villages, which seem to imply an 



abundant popul. . .j for the product . . of tl,, : i 

 crops that nii/jit appear necessary for their mbiiii- > ~ 

 nice. Inner Carniola IB aLo mountainous, and yield* 

 little coin. Both of these districts, however, pro- 

 duce considerable quantities of wine ; and the latter 

 is noted for its breed of horses, which find a ready 

 market in Austria and Italy. Istria is very fertile 

 in wine, oil, corn, and other articles of subsistence. 

 Indeed, in the southern parts of Carniola in general, 

 the olive, rice, and other productions peculiar to tL-. 

 warm climates, succeed perfectly, and arrive at ma- 

 turity. But it is a material drawback upon the 

 greater part of this whole province, that water is ex- 

 tremely scarce in it, or of very bad 'quality. 



The capital of Carniola is Laybach. This is a 

 handsome to\vn, containing a great number of ele- 

 gant structures, and amongst these several public 

 buildings. Some of its churches, especially in the 

 interior, are in a far better taste than is usually found 

 in Germany. The river of the same name runs 

 through the town ; but, though navigable, is not 

 turned to any very considerable account. Trieste is 

 more a seat of trade. Indeed, this is what may be 

 called the main rendezvous of the Austrian marine. 

 Here there is a harbour, at once secure and commo- 

 dious, which is frequented by a great deal of ship- 

 ping. The number of vessels that depart from, or 

 come into this port annually, is reckoned to be from 

 5000 to 6000 ; and the value of the merchandise ex- 

 ported or imported is estimated at from fourteen to 

 fifteen millions of florins. It is chiefly by way of this 

 port that the trade between the different states of 

 the empire and the Levant, or other maritime parts, 

 is conducted, the necessary communication for that 

 purpose with the interior being maintained, either by 

 the public roads, which are here generally good, or 

 by the navigable rivers. Trieste, as a town, contains 

 a great number of well built houses of stone : the 

 streets are wide, and paved with very large flag- 

 stones. The thriving state of the place is evinced 

 by the face of activity which every where appears, 

 and by the rapidly increasing population. 



In the duchy of Carniola, in general, the spirit of 

 industry and exertion in the departments of manu- 

 factures and commerce is by no means dormant ; and 

 if the tate of society, or the progress of improve- 

 ment, seem hardly to be adequate to what might 

 have been expected, from a consideration of the na- 

 tural riches and advantages which this province en- 

 joys, its situation in these respects is yet far from 

 being wretched or contemptible. One great source 

 of the industry of Carniola 13 furnished by its mines. 

 There are here several considerable iron manufacto- 

 ries. There is one wire-drawing mill, three forges 

 for steel, and six for nails ; m which last there are 

 made annually from 8000 to 10,000 quintals of nails, 

 in value from 150,000 to 200,000 llorins. There 

 are in Carniola, besides, two great glass-works; in 

 one of which a sort of Tuscan vessels are made, re- 

 sembling in their appearance delft or Dutch ware. 

 There is here, also, a manufactory of pipes. Car- 

 niola has a woollen manufacture. A great deal of 

 cloth is prepared at Laybach, and woollen hosiery ii 

 manufactured in considerable quantity at Weichsel- 

 burg, at Strachina, and at Newmarktl. A spin- 



