CAS 



586 



CAS 



palms long, conveys the rivulets of the Appennines 

 into the reservoirs of Caserta. The aqueduct pro- 

 perly so called, is two miles long, and consists of 

 three stones of arcades, of which the upper one is 

 divided into 43 arches, while the lower one contains 

 a smaller number. It is paved with calcareous stone 

 from the neighbouring mountains, and the rest of it 

 is built with volcanic tufa. In the construction of 

 the aqueduct, an ancient tomb was found at the 

 depth of 90 feet. The expence of building the pa- 

 lace and aqueduct amounted to seven millions of 

 crowns. " Caserta," says a modern traveller, who 

 visited it in 1802, " is not yet finished, and probably 

 never will be, though it has been in hand for half a 

 century, as the situation is so flat as to be incapable 

 of modern decoration, and his present majesty takes 

 more pleasure in the present mansion-house of Saint 

 Leucio, where he amuses himself with superintend- 

 ing a manufactory of silks and gauzes." See Spal- 

 lanzani's Travels; Swinburne's Travels; Reichard's 

 Guide des Voyageurs, &c. torn. i. p. 478 ; Travels 

 from Paris through Switzerland and Italy, by a na- 

 tive of Pennsylvania in 1801 and 1802, letter 23 ; and 

 Encyclopaedia Methodique, art. AQUEDUC. (o) 



CASHAN, KASHAN, or CACHAN, a town of 

 Persia, in the province of Irak-ajemi, situated in the 

 plain of Cashan, which is bounded with the distant 

 range of mountains, of which Demawend formed the 

 most conspicuous and the highest point. This moun- 

 tain is distinctly seen at the distance of 150 miles, 

 and the Persians maintain that it can be seen at 

 Ispahan from the minaret of Mesjid Shah, which is 

 210 miles distant. It is of a conical shape, and rises 

 abruptly from a long and unbroken range. This 

 town, which was founded by the wife of the Caliph 

 Haroun-el-Raschild, is fully a league long from east 

 to west, and more than half a league from north to 

 south. The houses are built of earth and brick. 

 The principal public buildings in Cashan are the 

 bazars and baths, the royal inn, the royal palace, and 

 another palace for ambassadors, and about forty 

 mosques and three grand sepulchral monuments in 

 honour of three descendants of AH. M. Olivier, 

 who lately visited this city, remarks, that it is the 

 largest, the finest, the richest, and the most populous 

 that he saw in Persia. It had almost entirely escaped 

 the disasters of the civil wars; and though nearly a 

 fifth part of the houses were destroyed, yet the 

 mosques, the caravanse/as, the bazars, and the royal 

 palaces, (which were singularly beautiful,) were all in 

 a good condition. Cashan was once famous for its 

 potteries, and has various manufactories of silk and 

 -cotton stuffs, brocades, and all sorts of copper uten- 

 sils. The inhabitants work a great deal in gold, 

 silver, and steel. Sabres and poignards are also made 

 to a considerable extent. The surrounding country 

 produces abundance of rice, cotton, tobacco, wheat, 

 barley, and fruits of all kinds. They cultivate also 

 the ricinus, from which they extract their oil for 

 burning. The vine is common, and raisins and dried 

 apricots form a considerable article of commerce. 

 The population of Cashan under the Sophis, was 

 55,000, but at present it does not exceed 30,000. 

 Chardin makes the number of houses 6500. East 

 i,ong. 51 21 ', and North Lat. 33 59'. See Char- 



Cashmere. 



din's Travels; Morier's Travels through Persia, Ar- 

 menift, and Asia Minor, p. 177, 231, 241 ; and Oli- 

 vier's Voyage in Perse. Paris 1807. (o) _ 



CASHEL, a city of Ireland, in the county of ^"""V"* 

 Tipperary, situated about three miles to die east of 

 the river Suire. This town, which was formerly the 

 residence of the kings of Munster, was once encircled 

 with a wall, which is in a state of decay, but there 

 are still two gates of tolerable workmanship. The 

 principal ornaments of this town are seated upon the 

 celebrated rock of Cashel, which commands a most 

 extensive prospect. One of these is the old Gothic 

 cathedral, the nave and choir of which is about 200 

 feet long from east to west. The ruins of Cormac's 

 Chapel, which stands beside the cathedral, and differs 

 from it completely in its stile of architecture, are 

 about 50 feet long by 18. A high round tower is 

 also situated upon the rock near the eastern angle of 

 the north aisle. It is 54 feet in circuit, and is divided 

 into five stories, with holes for rafters, and is built 

 of freestone, while all the other buildings on the 

 rock are of limestone. A wall formerly inclosed the 

 whole of the rock. 



The principal modern edifices in Cashel, which 

 is tolerably built, are a market-house, a house in which 

 the sessions are held, a county hospital, barrack, and 

 a charter school. The church is neatly built, and 

 the arcliiepiscopal palace is a simple and commodious 

 building. Cashel contains about 600 houses, and 

 therefore nearly 3000 inhabitants. West Long. 7 5', 

 North Lat. 52 30i-'. See Campbell's Philosophical 

 Survey ; Ledwich's Antiquities; and Waketield's 

 Statistical and Political Account of Ireland, ( ;') 



CASHGAR. See Rennel's Memoir, p. 19 and 

 BUCHAUIA, LITTLE. 



CASHMERE,CACHEMiRE, or KASHMIRE, a pro- 

 vince of Hindostan, and formerly subject to the king Situation 

 of Candahar. It is situated between 3:3 18' and 34 and boun. 

 15' North Latitude, and between 73 30' and 75 12' dancs - 

 East Longitude. It is only a valley of an elliptical 

 form, surrounded by hills, which in its largest extent 

 from south-east to north-west is hardly 80 miles; its 

 greatest breadth may be from 40 to 50. Towards 

 the north and north-east, this district of country is 

 bounded by what, in these parts, are termed the 

 mountains of Thibet ; a branch probably of that im- 

 mense range which, rising near the Bl^ick Sea, pene- 

 trates through Armenia, and skirting the south shore 

 of the Caspian, extends by way of the north-eastern 

 provinces of Persia to Thibet and China. On the east 

 it is bounded by the river Chunaub ; on the south- 

 east and south by the territory of Jummoo and 

 Kishtewar ; on the south-west and west by the ter- 

 ritory of the Ghickers, Prounce, Muzzufferabad, and 

 some other independent districts. In a north-eastern 

 direction from this province lies Great Thibet. Little 

 Thibet is to the north-west of it. Southward are the 

 provinces of Lahore and Cabul : and to the west 

 Great, and to the north Little Bucharia. In the 

 Ayeen Acberry, Cashmere is divided into two parts, 

 viz. Meraje and Kamraje ; the former being the 

 eastern part, and containing the districts situated to 

 the east, the south-east, and the north-east of Sirina- 

 gur, which is the principal town of the province ; 

 and the latter the western part, containing the north- 



