C A 



602 



CAS 



Caspian 



Sea, 

 Casseh 



pian Sea, and of their value. The account is ex- 

 tracted from the joint returns of the principal pro- 

 prietors of the fisheries, and those of the public bro- 

 kers at Astracan, who are obliged to certify the ex- 

 ports of fish by permits. It exhibits the average of 

 the returns for 4 years, admitting only the lowest 

 prices during that period. 



, Of the belugas, or great sturgeon, the number is 

 stated to be 103,500. Each fish being reckoned at 

 the price of only 2y rubles, the value of these will be 

 258,750 rubles. A thousand sturgeons produce 

 about 74- pood of isinglass : the above number con- 

 sequently 776 pood, which valued only at 60 rubles 

 a pood, is 4-6,560 rubles. The roe or caviare of 1000 

 sturgeons weighs 100 pood, or 4000 pound weight. 

 The amount of the roe obtained from the whole will 

 therefore be 10,350 pood, which, at 3^ rubles, gives 

 .'36,225 rubles. Thus the entire product of the fish- 

 eries of the great sturgeon will amount to 341,535 

 rubles. 



Of the small sturgeon, the number taken is esti- 

 mated at 302,000* which, at 1 ruble 30 kopeeks, 

 will give 392,600 rubles. The quantity of isinglass 

 obtained from them, valued in a similar manner as 

 above, will give 41,525 rubles ; their roe or caviare 

 63,420 rubles ; making in all accordingly the pro- 

 duce of this fishery, 497,545 rubles. 



Of the scvrugas, the number obtained annually is 

 stated at 1,345,000. Their price is reckoned to be 

 538,000 rubles. The return from these in isinglass 

 is rated at 100,875 rubles; and in caviare, at 282,450 

 rubles : thus making the whole produce of the se- 

 vrugas 921,325 rubles. 



In this manner, the whole value of the sturgeons 

 of different kinds, caught in the waters of Astracan 

 and the Caspian Sea, appears to amount to the annual 

 sum of 1,760,405 rubles, according to the average 

 price. In addition to this produce, is to be reckoned 

 that also of the smaller species of fish taken in these 

 fisheries, such as carp, pike, and shads, which maybe 

 valued at half a million of rubles. The number of 

 seals taken in the Caspian Sea, is to be also included 

 under the head of the productive branches of indus- 

 try. It is thus easy to perceive of how much conse- 

 quence those fisheries,, with the considerable ones also 

 upon the rivers that run into the Caspian, must be in 

 respect both to employment and provision to the peo- 

 ple in the vicinity, as well as to those who live at 

 greater distances from it. 



See Pallas's Travels ; Voyage dans V Empire 0- 

 ihoman, I' Egypt, et la Perse, par G. A. Olivier ; 

 Coxe's Travels; Tooke's View of Russia ; Gulden- 

 stadt Treat. Von der Hafen am Caspeschen meere in 

 Journ. St Pet. for 1777; Hackluyt's Collect, of 

 Voyages; Cooke's Travels through the Russ. Emp. 

 to Persia; Gmelin's Reese Journ. St Pet.; Han- 

 way's British Trade over the Caspian ; Robertson's 

 India ; BMiolheque Universclle des Voyages, par G. 

 Boucher de la Richarderie ; Voyages de Sauveboeuf, 

 &c. (K) 



. CASSEL, the capital of the kingdom of West- 

 phalia, is situated in the department of the Fulda, 

 and on the river Fulda, which divides it into two 

 parts, called the old and the new town, which are joined 

 by a bridge. The old town, which is the largest of 



the two divisions, is very ill built. The houses are most- 

 ly old, and .formed of timber, and the streets are nar- 

 row and irregular. The new town is subdivided into 

 the upper and the lower. The upper portion, which 

 was also called the French town, is ill built ; but, in 

 the lower part, the houses are elegant and well built, 

 and the streets straight and spacious. 



The principal public buildings and curiosities, are 

 the Castle of Residence and its colonnade the Pa- 

 lace the Bath of Marble the Museum the Square 

 of Frederick the Arsenal the Catholic church 

 the Foundling Hospital the Anatomical Theatre 

 the Reformed Church, where there is a statue of the 

 Landgrave Charles the Foundery the Palace of 

 the Prince Guise the Opera House the building* 

 of the Orangery the Observatory the Menagerie, 

 and the Place Royale. 



The Museum, whic.h was built by the Landgrave 

 Frederick II., is a noble building. It has a faade 

 of 290 feet long, with columns of the Ionian order, 36 

 feet in height. It contains a valuable collection of an- 

 tique gems and ornaments, statues, busts, and cast 

 models of Rome, and particularly of all the Princes of 

 Hesse, dressed in the costume of their times. In 

 the Square of Frederick is a statue of the late Land- 

 grave, by Nahl, erected in 1783. The Manege is a 

 light and elegant building, and the library is a mag- 

 nificent apartment, about 500 feet long by 4-0, and 

 contains several valuable books and manuscripts. 



The literary establishments of Cassel, are a society 

 of antiquity ; an academy of painting ; a cabinet of 

 machines and models ; a college ; the lyceum of Fre- 

 derick ; and the society of agriculture and the fine arts. 

 The principal promenades are the park of Augarten; 

 the garden of Bellevue, and the esplanade. 



In the neighbourhood of Cassel is the beautiful 

 castle of Wilhelmshohe, formerly Weissen stein, which 

 is visited by all strangers. The fine cascades ; the: 

 colossal Hercules of Winterkasten; the lofty jet d'eau; 

 the Loewenbourg ; the aqueduct ; and the fall of wa- 

 ter, are objects of general admiration. The garden 

 of Freyenhagen, the chateau, gardens, and grottos 

 of Wilhelmshole, are among the other curiosities in 

 the neighbourhood. 



The principal manufactures of Cassel are porce- 

 lain; delft ware ; woollen stuffs ; fine hats ; ribbands; 

 silk and woollen stockings ; gold and silver lace ; to- 

 bacco ; wax candles ; chocolate ; buttons ; and cards 

 for playing. M. Kuttner reckons Cassel the fourth 

 city in Germany, and inferior only to Vienna, Ber- 

 lin, and Dresden. East Long, of the observatory 

 9 35' 18", North Lat. 51 19' 20". Population in 

 1811, 20,260. See Tynnas' Almanack du Commerce 

 pour 1811. Verzeichniss der hochfurstlich Hessischen 

 Gemalde Samusburg in Caasel, 1783. Cassel und die 

 umliegende Gegend. Cassel 1796, by M. D'Apel; 

 Trotter's Memoirs of Mr Fox, p. 51. (TT) 



CASSIA, a genus of plants of the class Decan- 

 dria, and order Monogynia. See BOTANY, p. 209. 



CASSIMERE. See CASHMERE. 



CASSINE, a genus of plants of the class Pentan- 

 dria, and order Trigynia. See BOTANY, p. 167. 



CASSINI, JOHN DOMINIQUE, a celebrated French 

 astronomer, was born at Perinaldo, in the county of 

 Nice, on the 8th of June, 1625, and was descended 

 4 



Cassel 



II 

 Cassini. 



