C E M 



Cement*, first calcined and then fused, brick dust and clay 

 Cemetery. fi ne iy powdered, and moistened with a little water. 

 ""V"^ ' About a tenth of the whole may be borax. Litharge 

 may be used, though it is inferior to the borax. 



Clay, iron filings, and water, make a durable ce- 

 ment for iron vessels exposed to a high temperature. 



Very useful lutes are made of oily substances uni- 

 ted to resinous matters. They answer extremely 

 well at a moderate temperature, and with those va- 

 pours that do not dissolve their component parts. 

 They will adhere to glass, which enhances their value. 

 Bees' wax, softened with one-eighth of the spirits of 

 turpentine, forms a cement of this kind. 



One part of bees' wax, four of rosin, melted and 

 mixed up with one part of brickdust finely powdered, 

 forms the cement used by turners, with which the 

 handles of knives are cemented to their blades. 



Equal parts of pitch, turpentine, and wax, boiled 

 till the essential oil is dissipated, makes a coating to 

 a wooden chamber, which is perfectly impervious to 

 the vapours of sulphureous acid. It is therefore 

 useful in the manufacture of alum. Suet and wood 

 ashes make a simple cement, which is well adapted 

 to stop leaks in casks. 



Gum arabic, dissolved in water, is a cement well 

 known for applying paper to glass, &c. Isinglass, 

 dissolved in vinegar, is still better. 



The following formula has been given for a cement 

 to unite glass or steel : 



" Take of mastich five or six bits as big as peas, 

 dissolve in as much alcohol as will render them li- 

 quid. In another vessel, dissolve as much isinglass 

 (previously soaked in water) in brandy or rum as 

 will make two ounces, by measure, of a strong glue, 

 warm it, and incorporate with it, by rubbing, two or 

 three small bits of galbanum or ammoniacum, and 

 then add the mastich solution ; keep the cement in a 

 bottle well stopped, and gently warm it before use." 



Of late, the use of cements in chemical experi- 

 ments has been nearly superseded by the introduction 

 of accurately ground glasses, which, without the in- 

 troduction of other substances, may be made perfect- 

 , ly air tight. Much inconvenience certainly arises 

 from the use of them, which is thus obviated. They 

 still, however, are necessary in many large manufac- 

 tories, and are retained by the practical chemist. See 

 BRIDGE, p. 522; Appendix to CHEMISTRY ; and CI- 

 VIL ARCHITECTURE, (c. M.) 



CEMETERY, a place appropriated for the re- 

 ception of the dead. 



In order to free the living of the dangerous and of- 

 fensive miasmata of dead bodies, almost all nations have 

 done something towards their speedy removal or de- 

 struction. Some cast them into the waters, others 

 carry them from their dwellings to sequestered places, 

 and some reduce them to ashes, or deposit them en- 

 tire in the earth. 



In a savage state, each member of a family is 

 interred by his immediate relatives near, the spot 

 of his decease ; or bodies are, in the same way, 

 consumed by fire. Thus the untutored native of 

 the Australasian regions, as we have seen, raised a 

 bier for his departed wife, and, unassisted, consigned 

 her ashes to the dust. The remote inhabitants of 

 the north, precluded by perpetual frosts from pene- 

 trating the ground, cover their deceased with the 

 branches of trees, to prevent them from being de- 

 voured by beasts of prey. Though the ties cf con- 



C E M 



sanguinity be recognised by mankind farther advan- Cemetery, 

 ced in civilization, it does not appear that they are S **"Y"^"' 

 careful to deposit the bodies of relatives in the imme- 

 diate vicinity of each other. Hence particular ceme- 

 teries, or those for common use, are unknown. 



Yet it has anxiously been desired by men in gene- 

 ral, that their bones should rest in the soil of their 

 nativity. When the Nomadic tribes of South Ame- 

 rica, wandering many hundred miles from their pro- 

 per boundaries, lose one of their number, they make 

 a skeleton of his bones, and carry it on his fa- 

 vourite horse to the cemetery of his family, how- 

 ever distant. Certain tribes make skeletons of all 

 their deceased, which are placed in a sitting pos- 

 ture, clothed in robes and feathers., in the cemetery. 

 Every year the cemetery is opened, and the skele- 

 tons are cleansed and clothed anew. In another por- 

 tion of that vast continent a pious festival is celebra- 

 ted, wherein each person carries the putrid ar,d de- 

 caying carcase of his father on his shoulders in so- 

 lemn procession, and again returns it to the earth. 



The cemeteries of the Jews, were caves and grounds 

 apart from their cities. Abraham, we are told, pur- 

 chased the field of Mackpelah, and there buried Sa- 

 rah his wife in a cave, wherein he himself was after- 

 wards deposited. The Israelites buried the bones of 

 Joseph which they had brought out of Egypt, "in a 

 parcel of ground which Jacob bought of the sons of 

 Hamon ;" and the Jewish laws particularly ordained 

 the interment of criminals who died by the cord. 



Other ancient nations, such as the Greeks and Ro- 

 mans, though they burned their dead, had ceme- 

 teries without the cities for depositing the urns 

 containing the fragments of bones and ashes. Cre- 

 mation did not invariably prevail, and it was not un- 

 usual even to make the house or garden of the de- 

 ceased his cemetery. But among the Romans, the 

 emperor Adrian prohibited sepulture within the city, 

 and there was a cemetery beyond its walls appropria- 

 ted for the poor; the other cemeteries for persons of 

 rank or fortune were generally near a high way. The 

 Campus Martius was the cemetery of distinguished 

 characters. 



The modern Turks and Chinese imitate the Greeks- 

 and Romans in placing their cemeteries without their 

 cities. They are generally situated on eminences, and 

 abound with cypress trees. The Chinese never inter 

 in a grave previously occupied, at least before all 

 the remnants of the former body have disappeared, 

 and therefore their cemeteries occupy a large surface of 

 ground. If unfortunate in life, the son sometimes 

 digs up his father from the grave to propitiate his 

 destiny. 



The ancient cemeteries in Great Britain were of 

 various descriptions. Barrows or cairns denote the 

 sepulture of celebrated persons, commonly, it is con- 

 jectured, those who fell in battle. The author of 

 this article some years ago opened a cemetery in Scot- 

 land, which probably ascends to a period of remote 

 antiquity. Numerous coffins, for the most part of 

 small size, were formed of rude slates, built round 

 for sides : they were almost level with the surface 

 of the earth, and the edges of some of the slates wgre 

 visible above it. Their site was on a thin soil cover- 

 ing rock, though deep earth was in the immediate 

 vicinity. These coffins did not lie east and west, but 

 some almost due north and south, from which it may 

 be inferred they had been used anterior to the intro- 



