e H A 



T08 



C H A 



Chaff- of the chaff may be obtained. By this mode of 

 Cutter. f ee ding, the straw is perfectly at rest, and does not 

 '""""' press forward at the time of the cutting ; at the 

 same time, lifting up the feeding arm, its end is dis- 

 engaged from the pin fixed at the end of the cross- 

 lever, and the feeding motion is instantly thrown off, 

 although the wheel and knives may continue their 

 motions. 



Beneath the box is suspended the pressing-weight R, 

 which may be made more or less powerful, by shift- 

 ing the weight on the lever from which it hangs ; 

 and it also may be thrown on either side, more or less, 

 as occasion may require ; which will be found useful, 

 in forcing the straw towards the knife, and counter- 

 balancing the ratchet-wheel of the upper roller. The 

 arbor of this lever carries two short levers, one of 

 which is shewn at r, Fig. 1. From these, iron rods 

 proceed to the pivots at the ends of the upper spiked 

 rollers, by which means the straw is always equally 

 pressed in passing the two spiked rollers. Great 

 advantage is obtained in this machine, from its cut- 

 ting various lengths from its resting during the cut 

 from the knives being adjusted to work by their 

 regulating springs from the feeding being readily 

 thrown off and from the pressure being moveable to 

 either side of the box. In consequence of the knives 

 acting against the end of the box, which is covered 

 with steel-plate, they are constantly kept sharp. 



Fig?. 6, 7 and 8, are figures of a chaff- cut- 

 ting machine, which, under a variety of forms, has 

 come into very general use. The original was con- 

 structed by Mr James Pike, who presented one 

 to the Society of Arts many years ago. It has 

 received successive improvements from Messrs Cook, 

 Nailer, Winlaw, Macdougal, and other implement 

 makers, till it obtained the form given in Plate 

 PLATE CXXXV. Fig. 6 is a front, and Fig. 7 a side ele- 

 CXXXV. vation ; in which AA A is a cast-iron -fly-wheel, with 

 Fig. 6, 7. three curved arms, extending from its centre to the 

 circumference ; and against these, 3 knives b b b are 

 screwed and adjusted by wedges behind, to apply 

 fairly against the end of the box D, in which the 

 straw or hay is spread evenly and regularly. The 

 spindle a, Fig. 7. of the wheel is supported in bear- 

 ings at each end, one being screwed to the side of the 

 chaff-box, and the other fixed upon a post H, which 

 is attached to the frame K by blocks, and secured 

 to it by braces I ; so that it is very firm and se- 

 cure at a proper distance from the frame K. The 

 axis a has a worm, or endless screw, formed upon it, 

 which actuates the teeth of a wheel F, fastened upon 

 the end of the spindle of the lower roller in the 

 chaff-box. The upper roller is supported in a frame 

 of iron ef, shewn separately in Fig. 8. This is at- 

 tached to the box by centre pins at e e, and the arms 

 ef, ef proceed to the branches which carry the pi- 

 vots of the roller g. A bar ff unites the two sides 

 of the frame ; and upon this a short lever operates 

 to press down the whole frame, and thus hold the 

 roller down forcibly upon the straw, and press it be- 

 tween it and the lower roller, so that it will be mo- 

 ved forward when the rollers are turned round by 

 the motion communicated to the worm-wheel of the 

 lower roller. The upper roller is moved by a con.- 



Chaff- 

 Cutter 



trate wheel I, on the extremity of its spindle, which 

 is turned round by a long upright pinion m ; and this 

 receives its motion by means of a similar contrate 

 wheel I from the lower roller. By this means the \^^ -^ 

 upper roller is always kept in motion, let it rise as 

 high as it will, in consequence of a great feed of 

 straw being introduced between the two. The short 

 lever, which, as before stated, depresses the upper 

 roller and frame ef, is fixed upon an axis d ; on the 

 end of which, a lever dc is fastened, and loaded at 

 pleasure by a moveable weight c, which, like a steel- 

 yard, can be shifted at pleasure, to increase the pres- 

 sure .upon the straw. A piece of wood h, Fig. 8, is PLATE 

 attached to the iron frame ef, and pressed down ^ 

 upon the straw, just before the place where the % ' 

 knife cuts the straw. The whole is turned round by 

 one man working a handle B, fastened on the end of 

 the main axis ; and it is stated by the inventor, that 

 twenty-two bushels can be cut in an hour by this 

 machine with one man. The rollers which advance 

 the straw, have diagonal ribs of iron projecting from 

 them, as shewn at g, Fig. 8, which hold the straw 

 fast ; and the lower roller has the same. 



This machine is of small size, and being sold at a 

 low price, is very generally adopted ; but the action is 

 not by any means so good as that of the machine of Mr 

 Salmon ; and the rollers acting to advance the straw 

 forwards all the time during the cut, causes a great 

 friction on the back of the knives. Mr Passmore of 

 Doncaster makes machines on Mr Salmon's plan, of 

 a small size, in cast iron, which are cheap and effec- 

 tive : And Mr Braby of London has produced a 

 simple machine, which is the old chaff-box provided 

 with rollers to advance the straw ; and these are 

 turned round by a ratchet-wheel, which is moved 

 every time the knife is raised up to make a fresh 

 stroke, and thus the straw stands still during the cut. 



(J.F.) 



CH^EROPHYLLUM, a genus of plants of the 

 class Peutandria, and order Digynia. See BOTANY, 

 p. 160. 



CH^ETANTHERA, a genus of plants of the 

 class Syngenesia, and order Polygamia Superflua. 

 See BOTANY, p. 311. 



CH^ETANTHUS, a genus of plants of the class 

 Dioecia, and order Triandria. See BOTANY, p. 340. 



CH^ETODON. See ICHTHYOLOGY. 



CH^ETOSPORA, a genus of plants of the class 

 Triandria, and order Monogynia. See BOTANY, 

 p. 113; and R. Brown's Prodromus Plant. Nov. 

 Holl. &c. p. 232. 



CHAGAING, a city of the Birman empire, si- 

 tuated on the north bank of the Irawaddy, at the 

 foot and on the side of a rugged hill, crowned with, 

 numerous eminences. A white- washed spiral temple 

 stands on each of these summits, and produces a very 

 picturesque effect. The images of the god Gaudma 

 are manufactured here, from fine marble obtained 

 from a quarry of Maengaing ; and from this cause, 

 as well as from the number of temples built in its 

 neighbourhood, Chagaing has become a place of re- 

 ligious resort. N. Lat. 21 56', E. Long. 96. 



G/) 



CHAIN. See SURVEYING. 





