C H A 



731 



C H A 





challenge, on courts martial, is competent to the pro- 

 gecutor aa well as to the prisoner. S.eJuRY. Black- 

 stone's Comment, b. iii. ch. 2!J. and b. iv. ch. 27. 

 Jacob's Linr Diet, (2) 



CHALONS, suit MARNE, a town of France, 

 and capital of the department of the Marne, is si- 

 tuated between two fine meadows on the banks of the 

 Marne. The principal public buildings and curiosi- 

 ties of this place are the court-house, the principal 

 church with its spires, the triumphal arc dedicated 

 to Bonaparte, and the promenade called Le Jard, 

 \vhich is reckoned the finest in France. There is 

 here also a botanic garden, a public library, a cabinet 

 of natural history, and a society of agriculture, com- 

 merce, science, and the arts. A very considerable 

 trade in corn and wines was' formerly carried on in 

 this place, but it has greatly diminished since the 

 formation of the canal of Driare. Corn and oats, and 

 white and red wines, are still carried to Paris, and 

 very considerable quantities of smoked and salted ba- 

 con. There are here also several distilleries, a paper 

 manufactory, and a nitre work. Hemp and cotton 

 thread, hosiery goods, a kind of drab called espagno- 

 lelles, and several other linen and woollen stuffs, are 

 manufactured here in great quantities. Population 

 11,120. (tu) 



CHALONS, SUR SAONE, the Cabillonum of the 

 ancients, is a town in the department of the Saone 

 and the Loire, is situated in a beautiful and fertile 

 valley, on the right bank of the Saone. It is sur- 

 rounded by walls, and defended by a citadel, and con- 

 sists of the old town, the new town, and the suburbs 

 of St Lawrence. The chief public buildings and 

 curiosities are the principal church, the court-house, 

 and the library or ancient college, the hospitals of 

 Charity and St Lawrence, the dispensary, an orphan 

 school, the public baths, and the hydraulic machine. 

 The saloon, which contains the library, is very hand- 

 some, and the books, though in great confusion, are 

 still numerous and valuable. It was originally com- 

 posed of books left by the Jesuits, and since the re- 

 volution it has been augmented by the rrfagnificent 

 collection belonging to the suppressed Abbey of La 

 Fert6. There are here two globes made of tin plate 

 five feet in diameter, and executed by Father Le- 

 grand in 1732. The theatre, which is constructed in 

 the late church of the Jesuits, has a wretched appear- 

 ance, but the internal decorations are good. In the 

 middle of the market place is a fountain adorned 

 with a statue of Neptune, and there is a handsome 

 offee-house called the Rondeau, which is decorated 

 chiefly with beautiful English engravings. The pro- 

 menades are upon the quay and on the ramparts of 

 Santa Maria, St Lawrence, and Gloriette. This town 

 carries on a considerable trade in the wines, grain, and 

 iron of the surrounding county, and is also the entre- 

 pot of all the merchandise which is sent from the north 

 to the south, and from the south to the north of France. 

 The essence of the east, which gives the peculiar co- 

 lour and brilliancy to artificial pearls, is manufactured 

 here from the scales of the bleak (cyprinus albumus) 

 which are caught in great abundance. The canal du 

 centre, which joins the Saone and the Loire, begins 

 at Chalons and terminates at Digoin. 



The remains ot a Roman amphitheatre and several 

 ascriptions attest the antiquity of this town, which 



3 



it situated on the great Roman way from Lyoof to 



li.ni! <>. () 



\M-fliDOKIA, a genus of pUnu of the claw 

 Dioccia, and order Hcxandria. See BOTANY, p. 337. 

 \MjELEON. See MAMMALIA. 



CHAMyliROPS, a genus of planti of the class 

 Polygamia, and order Dicccia. See BOTANY, p. S46. 



CAMBERLAIN, (Camerariui,) an officer, van- 

 ous in rank and in duty according to the chamber or 

 employment with which he is connected ; as, 



1st, The Lord Chaittberlain Britain, 



who is commonly reckoned the sixth great officer of 

 the crown. The office is hereditary ; and where it 

 descends to one or more females, it is executed by 

 deputy, who must be approved of by the king, and 

 must not be of a degree inferior to a knight. This 

 officer is charged with the pomp and ceremony ne- 

 cessary to be observed at royal coronations, and on 

 certain other solemn occasions ; to him belongs the 

 government of the palace at Westminster ; he is an- 

 swerable for the due arrangements necessary for the 

 convenience of the House of Lords in the time of 

 Parliament ; he claims livery and lodgings ia the 

 king's court, &c. and the gentleman usher of the 

 black rod, yeoman, usher, &c. are under his autho- 

 rity. 



2d, The Lord Chamberlain of the Household, who 

 has the superintendence of all officers belonging to 

 the king's chamber, (except the bed-chamber, which 

 is under the groom of the stole,) and also of the 

 wardrobe, of artificers retained in the king's service, 

 messengers, comedians, :c. The Serjeants at armi 

 are likewise under his inspection, and the king's chap- 

 lains, physicians, apothecaries, &c. He has under 

 him a vice-chamberlain, who, along with the cham- 

 berlain himself, are always privy-councillors. 



3d, There were formerly Chamberlains of the 

 King's Courts, of whom still remain Chamberlains of 

 the Exchequer, who keep a controlment of the pells, 

 of receipts and disbursements, and have in their cus- 

 tody the leagues and treaties with foreign princes, 

 many ancient records, and the standards of money, 

 weights, and measures. 



4th, The Chamberlains of London, Chester, and 

 other cities or local jurisdictions; the principal duty 

 of whom, is, to receive the rents and other revenues 

 payable into their respective chambers, (j. B. ) 



CHAMBERY, formerly the principal town of 

 Savoy, but now the chief place of the department of 

 Mont Blanc, is situsted in a delightful valley sur- 

 rounded with mountains, on the left bank of the 

 river Leisse, and upon the small river Albano. Its 

 suburbs are large and elegant, the houses have all pi- 

 azzas, and the principal public buildings are, the an- 

 cient ducal palace in the centre of the town, and the 

 Salle de Spectacle. It is defended only by a castle 

 placed on an eminence. The principal manufactures 

 of Chambery are those of stockings, silk thread, 

 works in marble, and leather. Liqueurs held in great 

 estimation are likewise distilled here. Population in 

 1810, 12,000. See Tynna Almunach du Commerce, 



p. 728. (to) 



CH A ME RAPHYS, a genus of plants of the class 



Tnandria, and order Trigynia. See BOTANY ; and 

 R. Brown's Prodromus Plant. Nov. HoU. SfC. p. 19. 

 CHAMOIS. See MAMMAUA. 



