CHIVALRY, 



authors, 



remove or alleviate, so it fell, \vhen that state and those 

 evils had given way to the general diffusion of knowledge 

 and of wealth. 



But the spirit of the institution may still be traced. 

 ' The humanity which accompanies all the operations 

 of war, the refinements of gallantry, and the point of 

 honour, the three chief circumstances which distinguish 

 modern from ancient manners," at once demonstrate its 

 extensive and permanent influence, and the beneficial na- 

 ture and effects of its principles. 



The authors that treat on the subject of chivalry may 

 be divided into' two classes : 1st, Those who have en- 

 deavoured to trace its origin and causes. Of these, some 

 indulge principally in antiquarian research, and others in 

 general reasoning ; of the latter, the moat celebrated are 

 Hurd, in his Letters on Chivalry and Romance, which 

 are appended to his Mural and Political Dialogues, in 3 

 vols 12mo; Gilbert Stuart, in his Vine of Society in 

 Europe; Robertson, in his View of the Stat" of Eu- 

 i ope, prefixed to his History of Charles V. ; and Her 

 der, in his Outlines of the Philosophy of the History of 

 Alan. This author also in some degree unites antiqua- 

 rian research with general reasoning. Gibbon, in his 

 58th chap, and llth volume, has given a rapid, but mas- 

 terly view of the origin and the principal features of chi- 

 valry. The antiquarian researches on thi subject are to 

 be found rather detached and scattered in diffeient works, 

 than in complete and regular treatise*. The notes of 

 WarburtonandTyrwhitt towards the conclusion of Love's 

 labour Lost ; Warton, in his firt dissertation prefixed 

 to his History of English Poetry, and occasionally and 

 incidentally in tlic History itsett ; Mallet in his Intro- 

 duction to the History of Denmark translated by Per- 

 cy ; Percy, in his 3d volume of the Jteliqucs of Ancient 



Poetry ; Pinkerton, in hi Dissertation on the Scythians Chivalry- 

 and Goths; Dr Ley den, in the Introduction to the Com- **~~ 

 p/aynt of Scotland ; and an anonymous writer in the 

 Monthly Magazine for February 1800; have been al- 

 ready referred to, and supply curious and valuable infor- 

 mation on the antiquarian branch of the subject. Noti- 

 ces on the same branch are scattered in Selden's Titles 

 of Honour ; in Essais sur la Noblesse de France, by 

 Boullauivilliers; in Histoirc de I'Ancien Govvernmentdc 

 France, by the same author j in Les llccherches de /* 

 France, by Pasquin ; and in Ashmole on the Order of 

 the Garter. 



2d, The last named authors may also be consulted re- 

 specting the institutions of chivalry. But the most co- 

 pions, authentic, and interesting author on this branck 

 of the subject, is Mons. de St. Palaye, in his, Memoires 

 sur I'Ancienne Chevalerie, * either in his work, or in the 

 author whom he cites or refers to, almost every particu- 

 lar respecting the institutions of chivalry, especially 

 French chivalry, may be found. This work has been 

 translated into German by Klueber, who has added ma- 

 ny particulars respecting German chivalry. Some addi- 

 tional information on the laws and manners of chivalry- 

 may be gleaned from Lyttelton's History of Henry II. 

 vol. iii. ; Henry's History of Great Britain, vol. vi. (8v 

 edition) ; and especially from the ancient Ballads and 

 Romances that have been edited by Percy, Ritson, Pin- 

 kerton, Ellis, and Scott, and in the notes by which they 

 are respectively illustrated. It is hardly necessary to 

 add, that Chaucer and Spenser, particularly the former, 

 throw considerable light on chivalry ; and that the notes 

 of Tyrwhit to this poet, and the observations of Wartos 

 and Tod on Spenaer, mv be read with advantage. 



(w. s.) 



C'hloanthei 



I 



Chocolate 



C H O 



CHLOANTHES, a genus of plants of the class Di- 

 dyriimia. and order Angiospermia. See BOTANY, p. 

 2.37 ; and Bn,v.-n's Prodromus Plant. Nov. Hotl, &c. p. 

 51*. (,e) 



CHLURA, a genus of plants of the class Octandria, 

 awl order Monogynia. See EOTANY, p. 201. 



CHLORANTHUS, a ger,u of pUnts of the class 

 Tetrandna, and order Mom.gynig Stre BOTANY, p. 126. 



CHLORIS, a genus of plants of the class Polygamia, 

 and order Mi'ncecia. See BOTANY, p. 342. 



CHLOROMYRON, a genus of plants of the clas* 

 Polyandria, and order M nogynia. See BOTANY, p. 241. 



CHLOROPH YTUM, a genus of plants of the class 

 Hexaudria, and order Monogynia. See BOTANY, p. 195, 

 and Brown's Proiiromus, &c. p. 276. 



CHOCOLATE. The Theobroma Cacao is a na- 

 tive of South Amirica, and produces a- nut, the keincl 

 of which is the basis of chocolate, which has from time 

 immemorial been an important article of food among the 

 Indians, and which has become, since the discovery of 

 America, an indispensable articl" ot luxury to European 

 Spaniards. The trer belongs to the genus Tlieobroma, 

 of which there are three speck's, the Theobroma Circao, 

 already mentioned, the Theobroma Gttjanensis, and the 

 Theobroma biculor. This genus belongs to the class 

 Polyde!phia, and to the order PenUgynia. For the 

 essential character, tee the article BOTANY, p. 287. 

 This tree is not now confined to the Spanish colo- 



C H O 



nies ; but is cultivated considerably in some of the Bri- Chocolate, 

 tish settlements. Prepared chocolate is very highly i-.'y"J 

 prized, alth'.ugh, from political considerations, it is al- 

 together excluded from the British market by the le- 

 gislature. The cacao-nut, however, is less exorbitantly 

 taxed, and may be introduced ; and that from the Carac- 

 cas is most valuable. The quality of the Spanish cacao 

 varies, as well as that of the colonies of other nations in 

 the western hemisphere. That of Orituco is superior 

 to all the other kinds. Such is its compactness and den- 

 sity, that an equal bulk will weigh twenty per cent, more 

 than that of any other cacao. The next in point of quality 

 is the cacao of the coast , and last of all that of the interior. 



The cacao plantations of the Caraccas, are chiefly Cultivation 

 confined to the northern portion of that chain of moun- 

 tains which skirts the coast of the province. 



Much nicety and judgment are necessary in selecting 

 a soil and situation appropriate to this kind of produce. 

 The Spaniards, in judging of the fertility of the ground, 

 do not trust to the results of analysis, to the colour, or 

 to any character, except those derived from the luxuri- 

 ance of the trees growing on it. The exposure should 

 not be to the north ; and the situation should be on the 

 banks of a river, from which the benefits of irrigation 

 may be derived in dry seasons, and against any sudden 

 overflow, of which there are sufficient safeguards. 



A piece of land having been chosen, it is cleared of all 

 the natural vegetation. This is effected in several w ays ; 



* This work hi> bwn translated into English by Mrs Dobson. 



