CHRONOLOGY. 



437 



A. D. 



j- 1156. The city of Moscow founded. 



? 1157. An earthquake in Spain. Nouradin defeated near 

 'Y*~* Gennesareth by Baldwin. Finland conquered 



by the Swedes. 



1158. Frederic received the title of king of Bohemia at 



the diet of Ratisbon. 



1159. Commotions in Scotland. War between England 



and France. The pope excommunicates the 

 emperor. John Tzetzes, the critic and historian, 

 ob. about 1176. 



1 160. The order of Carmelites instituted. 



1161. Eustathius, the commentator on Homer. 



1162. The power of the Crusaders declines in Palestine. 



The emperor Frederic destroys Milan, but pre- 

 serves the churches. 



1163. Raymond II. defeated by Nouradin. John of 



Salisbury, ob. 1187. 

 ! 1 64. The first king of Sardinia created by Frederic. 



A contest between Henry of England and Bec- 



ket. The council of Clarendon, Jan. 25. 

 1 16-3. Two comets, or one comet with two tails, appear 



in Libra. 



1166. Maimonides of Corduba, a learned Jew, ob. 1208. 



1 167. Rome taken possession of by Frederic. War be- 



tween England and France. Egypt invaded by 

 the caliph of Persia. Henry of Huntingdon. 



1169. An interview at St Denis between the kings of 



England and France. 



1170. Peace concluded between France and England. 



An earthquake at Antioch. 



1171. The island of Chio taken by the Venetians. The 



dynasty of Fatimites ends in Egypt. 



1 172. Henry II. of England takes possession of Ireland. 



1175. Catania destroyed by an earthquake. 



1174. William acknowledges the kingdom of Scotland a 

 fief of the crown of England. 



1176. Frederic defeated by the Milanese. Circuits esta- 



blished in England. Zenghis-kan begins to 

 reign. 



1 177. Saladin defeated by Baldwin before Jerusalem. 



1178. A legate sent by the pope to Prester-John. 



1179. Saladin defeats the crusaders. Becket's tomb in 



England visited by the French king. The uni- 

 versity of Padua founded. 



1180. Glass commonly used in England. 



1181. The laws of England digested by Glanville. 



1182. Damascus taken by Saladin. 



1183. The inhabitants of Berry massacre 7000 Albi- 



genses. Peter of Blois, the historian, ob. 1200. 



1 184. Andronicus murders the Latins in Constantinople. 



1186. The Roman yoke thrown off by the Bulgarians. 



A conjunction of all the planets happened on 

 Sept. 16th, at sunrise, sun in HR 30 Jupiter, in 

 , 2 3', Venus in 3 4-9, Saturn in 8 6', Mer- 

 cury ii 4 W, Mars in 9 8', tail of the Dra- 

 gon 18 23' &,. 



1187. The kingdom of Jerusalem finished by the capture 



of that city by Saladin, Oct. 2d. 



1188. The third crusade fixed at the diet of Mayence. 



The Saracens routed by the Dutch and Zea- 

 landers. Mecklenburg held as a fief of the 

 crown of Denmark. 



1189. The kings of England and France go to the Holy 



Land. Richard renounces his superiority over 

 Scotland. 



1190. Cilicia subdued by Frederic, who defeats the Sa- 



racens. The Teutonic order of knights instituted 

 at Ptolemaii. Others place it in 1 164. 



1191. Ptolemais taken by the Crusaders. 



A. D. 



1192. Richard, king of England, made prisoner by the Gimme!" 

 emperor Henry VI. Saladin defeated by Rich- f? y> 

 ard in the battle of Ascalon. Roger de Hove- *" '"""* 

 den, the historian. 



1195. Spain invaded by the Saracens from Africa, who 



defeat Alphonso, and kill 50,000 Spaniards. 



1196. Naples and Sicily taken possession of by the em- 



peror Henry VI. 



1197. Henry sends an army into Palestine. William of 



Newburgh the historian. 



1198. The order of the Holy Trinity instituted. 



1199. Peace between England and France. Campanus, 



of Lombardy, the astronomer. 



1200. University of Salamanca founded by Alphonso IX. 



William, king of Scotland, does homage at Lin- 

 coln to the king of England, Nov. 21. A very 

 large comet appeared. It moved over 2 signs 

 in 13 days. 



THIRTEENTH CENTUBY. 



1201. City of Riga founded. War between England 



and France. 



1202. Gervase of Canterbury, the historian. 



1203. The 3d crusade under Boniface sets out from 



Venice, and reaches Chalcedon 24th June. 



1204. The Venetians and French take Constantinople. 



Normandy reunited to France. The Inquisi- 

 tion established. 



1205. The Bulgarians defeat Baldwin near Adrianople. 



1207. Rouen and Falaise erected into corporations. 



1208. The order of Fratres minores established. The 



Pope excommunicates King John of England. 



1209. The works of Aristotle imported in 1209 from 



Constantinople, are condemned by the council of 

 Paris in 1210. The silk manufacture imported 

 into Venice by Greek weavers. Ralph de Di- 

 ceto, the historian. 



1210. The Albigenses violently persecuted. The Pope 



excommunicates the emperor Otho. 



1211. Wales subdued by the king of England. Saxo- 



Grammaticus, the historian. 



1212. The Moors signally defeated by the Christians at 



Thoulouse, July 12. 



1213. The king of England becomes the pope's vassal. 



Walter of Coventry. 



1214. War between the English and Scotch. Otho 



routed by Philip near Bouvines. The Persians 

 defeated by the Turks. A comet appeared in 

 March. 



1215. The order of Dominicans instituted. A comet ap- 



peared in March. The order of Knights-Hopital- 

 lers founded. Magna Charta signed by King 

 John, June 15th. 



1216. Scotland excommunicated by the pope's nuncio. 



Peter de Courtenay imprisoned. Accorso, ob. 

 1229. 



1217. Peace between the English and Scotch. The 



French defeated in the battle of Lincoln. A 

 comet in autumn near the Crown. 



1219. Damietta taken from the Saracens by the Chris- 



tians. 



1220. Astronomy and geography brought into Europe 

 by the Moors. 



1221. The university of Padua enlarged. St Anthony 



of Padua, ob. 1231. 



1222. A great earthquake in Germany. Damietta eva- 



cuated by the Christians. 



1223. The slaves in France franchised by Louis VIII. 



An extraordinary comet appeared in Denmark. 



