CIVIL ARCHITECTURE. 



Ft ITU 



1 I. and 

 CLII. 



Square or 



r .V,.; 



of the Caucatu* was called by the Greek* Paraparou, 

 obviously derived from Para Vami, the pure and excrl- 

 ].-nt city of Vami, commonly called Bamiyan. I: 



i on the road between Balkli and Cabul, and, like 

 Tbcbei in Egypt, consuls of vast numbers of apart- 

 menu and rrcewes cut out of the rock ; some of which, 

 on account of their extraordinary dimension*, are uippo- 

 rd to be trmples. There are also, at that place, two 

 oolotaal statue*, one of a man eighty ell* high, and another 

 of t woman fifty ells high, erect, and adhering to the 

 mountain from which they are cut. At Salsette, Ele- 

 phanla, and Vellore or Ellora, the excavations were not 

 only extensive, but were divided into separate apart- 

 ments, with regular ranges of sculptured pillars and en- 

 tablatures and the walls and ceilings covered with rmil- 

 titodtl of figure* of their genii, deutahs, men, and wo- 

 men | and various animals, such as elephants, horses, 

 lions, &c. all of the most excellent workmanship. See 

 Plate CLI. and CLII. 



3. A third set were composed of square or oblong 

 courts of vast extent. The circumference of the out- 

 ward wall of that in the island of Sermgham, adjacent to 

 Trichinopoly, is said to extend nearly four miles. The 

 whole edifice consists of seven square inclosures, the walls 

 being 350 feet distant from each other. In the innermost 

 spacious square arc the chapels. In the middle of each 

 side of each inclosure wall there is a gateway under a 

 lofty tower : That in the outward wall which faces the 

 south, is ornamented with pillars of single stones, thirty- 

 three feet long, and five diameter, ( Voyages de M. Sonne- 

 r<j/,tom. i. p. 21 7; and Robertson's India, p. 268.) Ta- 

 vernier describes the Pagoda of Santidas.in the Guzzerat, 

 a* consisting of three courts paved with maible, and sur- 

 rounded with a portico supported by marble columns : 

 the inside of roof and walls formed of mosaic work and 

 agates, and all the portico covered with female figures cast 

 in marble. Aurenzebe profaned this temple by killing 

 a cow within its precincts, and converting it into a Tur- 

 kish mosque. At Chittambrum, on the coast of Coro- 

 mandel, there is only one court, 1332 feet in one direc- 

 tion, and 9'M in another, with an entrance gateway under 

 a pyramid 120 feet high, and the ornamental parts finish- 

 ed with great delicacy. John Call, Phil. Trans, vol. Ixii. 

 p. 354. Orme's Hut. vol. i. p. 178. 



4. A fourth sort, as Benares Pagoda, in the city of 

 Casi, which from the earliest times was devoted to In- 

 dian religion and science. The temple is in the form of 

 a cross, with a cupola terminated by a pyramid in the 

 centre, and having also a tower at each extremity of the 

 cros*. From the gate of the Pagoda to the Ganges 

 there is a flight of steps. Tai-ernier, torn. iv. p. 14-9. 

 Rouen edit. 



5. A fifth are made in a circular form, as the celebra- 

 ted pagoda of Juggernaut, which Hamilton compare; 

 to an immense butt, set on end. Juggernaut, only ano- 

 ther name for the god Mahadeo, who is represented by 

 the vast bull which juts out of the eastern aspect of the 

 building. It is the seat of the arch-Bramin of all In- 

 dia, and its sacred domains are said to afford pasturage 

 for 20,000 cows. 



Bctidei these general terms, if our limits permited us 

 to trace thow interesting structures through the various 

 district* of this extensive country, many different ar- 

 rangements might be described ; but, for the present, we 

 Bccoara or must be satisfied with mentioning the pagoda of Bezoa- 

 Bvtwara, ra , (or Buswara of Major Remicl) now a fort upon the 

 Kittna nvi-r ; it was not inclosed with walls, but erect- 

 ed upun 52 lofty columns with statues of Indian deities, 

 tuaoiijg between the column*. It wa* situated in tra- 



in ill* form 

 cl'acjow. 



Circular. 



midst of an oblong court, roin.J \siii< h there was 

 lory raised on (',<! pillai ; like a c-Ioi^trr. (Toy. </ 

 torn iii. p. n Ld. 171:!.) N.-ar thi, on a hill 



ascended by 193 Steps, was another pagoda of a quadran- 

 gular form, terminated by a ci; 



These temples were generally erected on the banks of 

 the Ganges, Kistna, and other sacred rivers for ablution. 

 Where there was no river, a tank or reservoir of a qua- 

 drangular form was constructed and lined with free-stone 

 or marble, with steps descending into them. Crawford 

 observed many 300 or 4OO feet in breadth. (Crawford's 

 Sltclchet, vol. i. p. 106.) At the entrance of the prin- 

 cipal pagodas, there is a portico supported by rows of 

 lofty columns, and ascended, as in the case of Tripetty, 

 by more than 100 steps ; under these porticos, and in 

 the courts which generally inclose the buildings, multi- 

 tudes attend at the rising of the sun, and having bathed 

 and left their sandals at the border of the tank, im- 

 patiently await the unfolding of the gates by the minis* 

 tring Bramin. Thevcnot. 



W must reserve, until we come to treat of the Prac- 

 tice of Architecture, many particulars relative to those 

 splendid edifices, which, with the Plates accompanying 

 them, will aflbrd a more distinct view of the nature of 

 their arrangements and appropriations ; but it will be 

 proper in this place to notice some leading circumstances 

 respecting the Indian sculptures, with a view to ascer- 

 tain what affinity they had to those in Egypt. 



From the Ayeen Akbery, and Captain Wilson's pa- 

 per on Caucasus, we find, that in the Soubah of Cash- 

 mere, between Balkh and Cabul, in the numerous exca- 

 vations, there are 700 places where the figure of a ser- 

 pent is carved ; and that near these excavations, there 

 are sculptured in rock, on the side of the mountain, fi- 

 gures of 15, 50, and 80 ells high ; that in the great tem- 

 ple of the Sun, which was near Juggernaut, and said, by 

 the Ayeen Akbery, to have consumed, in the expencc 

 of building, the whole revenue of the Orissa for twelve 

 years ; that in front of the gate, there waj a pillar of 

 blaek stone, of an octagon form, , r >0 cubits hign ; that 

 at the eastern gate, there were two elephants, each with 

 a man on his trunk ; at the western gate were figures of 

 horsemen, completely armed ; and at the northern gate 

 two tygcrs, who had killed two elephants, and were bit- 

 ting upon them. That in one extensive apartment, there 

 is a large dome constructed of stone, upon which is car- 

 ved the sun and stars, and round them a border of hu- 

 man figures. In the Pagoda at Juggernaut, Hamilton 

 describes the idol as a huge black stone, of a pyramidal 

 form ; and there was a bull, representing the god Ma- 

 hadeo, jutting from the wall of the eastern aspect. Ta- 

 vernier observed a conspicuous idol of black stone in the 

 temple of Benares ; and that the statue of Crecshna, in 

 his celebrated temple of Mathura, was of black marble. 

 In the great Pagoda at Elephanta, the bust of the triple 

 headed deity measures 15 feet from the base to the top of 

 the cap, the face is five feet long, and it is 20 feet across 

 the shoulders. Along the sides of the cavern are co- 

 lossal statues, to the number of 4O or 50, from 12 to 15 

 feet high ; some have a sort of helmet of a pyramidal 

 form; others a crown with devices; others display bushy 

 ringlet;, some with curled, and others with flowing hair| 

 many have four hands, some six ; with sceptres, shields, 

 weapons of war, and symbols of peace. At the west end 

 of the Pagoda, there is a great datk recess, 20 feet square, 

 totally destitute of ornaments, except the altar in the 

 centre, and the gigantic figures which guard the several 

 doors which lead into it. Nil biihr says, these figures 

 are eight in number ; they are naked, and 13j feet high ; 

 4 



Ili.lory. 



Tcmpln 

 placed nu 

 the bank) 

 of the 

 Ganges 

 &c. 



Sculptures. 



Eicava- 

 tion in the 

 Souhah of 

 Cashmere. 



Colnual 



statues. 



Juggernaut 

 black 



Two ty- 

 gers. 



Colossal 



statues it 



