CIVIL ARCHITECTURE. 



533 



History, ing the most gorgeous of the Greek orders, and employ- 

 s T*** ed it almost exclusively in all their public edifices, and 

 private dwellings. 



But, even for some time after Marcellus had introdu. 

 ced specimens of Grecian art, and out of the spoils of 

 Sicily built and embellished the Temple of Virtue and 

 Honour, it does not appear that much impression had 

 been made upon the Roman people ; and although, 

 about forty years afterwards, at the triumphs which 

 Paulus Emilius obtained for the conquest of Macedo- 

 nia, it is said the first day was scarcely sufficient to ex- 

 hibit the images, paintings, and colossal statues, carried 

 in 250 chariots, ( Plutarch,) yet it was not until after the 

 return of Sylla from the Mithridatic war, (which was 

 120 years after the triumph of Marcellus,) that speci- 

 mens of fine buildings can be distinguished. It was only 

 fifty years previous to this that an edifice of marble was 

 first erected at Rome ; but, in the consulship of Quintius 

 One him- Catullus, it is said 100 marble temples were erected, 

 dred mar- Ponipey erected a theatre, and Julius Csesar the temple 

 ble temples o f Apollo, the porticos, library, and mausoleum. Ionian 

 in Rome. 



From this period, the progress in luxury and extrava- 

 gance was rapid : 1 n a few years, the villas of the prin- 

 PIATE cipal men (see Plate CLXI.) were extensive and high- 

 CLXL ly decorated : Those of Lucullus surpassed even eastern 

 magnificence. 



The magnificent and politic Augustus, confirmed in 

 power, and with the command of unbounded wealth, exceed- 

 ed his predecessors so far, as to boast, that he found Rome 

 composed of brick, and changed it to marble. The fol- 

 lowing are the principal edifices erected during his reign : 

 Edifices by The temple and forum of Mars the Avenger, the temple 

 Augustus. O f Jupiter Tonans in the capitol, of Apollo Palatine, 

 with public libraries, the portico and basilicae of Caius 

 and Luvius, and the porticos of Livia and Octavia, (see 

 Suet. c. 28.) ; and besides these, 



In the Year of Rome 



720. The curia, schools, a noble portico round the 

 temple of Jupiter and Juno, with a library ad- 

 joining. 



'23. Statilius Taurus finished an amphitheatre at his 

 own expence. 



~'2l. The temple of Minerva, called Chalcidicos, was 

 built of brass. 



7-^5. Augustus built a mausoleum for himself and fa- 

 mily. 



726. Agrippa, the friend and son-in-law of Augus- 



tus, built, or rather altered and embellished, the 

 Pantheon. See Plate CLXI I. 



727. Agrippa dedicated the septa, for containing the 



comitia tributa. 



728. He erected the portico of Neptune, and near it 



built the temple and basilicae of that deity ; 

 he added the magnificent portico to the pan- 

 theon, and behind that edifice built the ther- 

 f mi for exercises in the Lacedemonian manner. 



730. He constructed the great theatre of Marcellus, 

 to the memory of Marcellus, son of Octavia, 

 sister to Augustus. 



734. He brought the aqua virginis to Rome, by an 

 aqueduct fourteen miles in length. 



743. He presented to the sun the great obelisk of Se- 

 sostris, brought by him to Rome. 



Temple of During the reign of Claudius, t:ie <rery curious temple 



faunus. of Faunus (tee PlateCLXIII.) was built upon the Celian 



c"x"ll Mount. It was of a circular form, and had internally 



two rows of Ionic columns, with arches springing im- 



Pantheon. 

 PUT i 

 CLXI I. 



mediately from the capitals. The upper windows had 

 each a column in the middle, with arches also springing 

 from the capitals ; and these two arches were inclosed 

 by a semicircular arch, which had its springing upon the 

 jambs of the window, and, rising higher, left a consider- 

 able space between it and the two before-mentioned 

 small arches ; in which space there was a circular open- 

 ing. This is particularly noticed as an early and distinct 

 type of what was afterwards named Saxon, Norman, 

 and Gothic. See Desgodetz' Ancient Home. 



In Nero's time, the city having been destroyed by fire, 

 was rebuilt with more regularity and splendour. The 

 accounts of the extent and splendour of his golden house 

 exceed credibility. The strict oeconomy of Vespasian 

 enabled him to construct the temples of Peace (see Plate 

 CLXIV.), and the Colisaeum, two of the greatest and 

 most magnificent edifices at Rome, the latter being 580 

 feet ia length, and 470 in breadth. The elliptical amphi- 

 theatre of Titus was upon an equally large scale, be- 

 ing 564 feet in length, 4-67 in breadth, founded on 80 

 arches, and rising with five successive orders of archi- 

 tecture to the height of 140 feet ; the outside incrusted 

 with marble, and decorated with statues ; having 60 

 rows of seats, 64 vomitories, and calculated to contain 

 80,000 persons at one time : The extensive baths of 

 Titus were equally splendid. During the time of Domi- 

 tian, the temples of Jupiter Capitolinusand Minerva were 

 erected. 1 he excellent Nerva contributed to adorn 

 Greece, by his liberal conduct to Hcrodes Atticus, a 

 descendant of Cimon and Miltiadcs, who having disco- 

 vered a vast treasure buried under an old house, and con- 

 scientiously informed the emperor that it was too much 

 for the use of a private man, was nobly told, " to abuse 

 it then, for it was his own." Herodes having obtained 

 for his son Herod the prefectorship of the free cities of 

 Asia, this young magistrate immediately employed his 

 treasure in architectural improvements. He, in four 

 years, built the stadium at Athens, 600 feet in length, 

 all of white marble ; also a theatre, which he dedicated 

 to his wife Regilla. He restored the odeum of Pericles ; 

 he built a temple to Neptune in the isthmus, a theatre at 

 Corinth, a stadium at Delphi, and a bath at Thermopylae. 

 At Troas he supplied the city with water at a great ex- 

 pence ; he built an aqueduct at Canusium in Italy; and 

 the people of Epirus, Thessaly, Euboca, Boetica, and 

 Peloponnesus, also partook of his bounty. The forum 

 of Trajan (by Adrian) was expressive of his great cha- 

 racter : it was of a quadrangular form, surrounded by co- 

 lonnaded porticos, and entered by four triumphal arches. 

 In the centre stood his celebrated column, 140 feet in 

 height, where the principal actions of his reign were re- 

 presented in exquisite sculpture, and have remained the 

 truest chronicle of his time. His successor Adrian 

 seemed to- have journeyed over the provinces, in order 

 to build and restore cities and public edifices : He built 

 the beautiful city of Antinopolis in Egypt. At Athens, 

 he completed the great temple of Jupiter Olympius, 

 which had 128 Corinthian columns, each 60 feet high ; 

 restored the walls and gates, and by inscription claimed 

 the city as his. He supplied the city of Corinth with 

 water. He was himself an architect, so zealous and 

 vain, that .the great Apollodorus fell a victim to an un- 

 guarded reflection upon his plan for the temple to Rome 

 and Virtue. That his taste was open to just criticism, 

 is rendered probable from the whim of his having all the 

 styles then known introduced in his famous villa. He 

 likewise built the great wall across Britain, between 

 Newcastle and Carlisle. 



With the continued influx of wealth from the numer- 



History. 



Temples of 

 Peace and 

 the Colisx- 

 urn. 



PtT 



CLXIV. 



Herodes 

 Atticus 



Stadium at 

 Athens. 



Forum and 

 column of 

 Trajan. 



Templs of 

 Jupiter O- 

 lympius at 

 Athens. 



