18 



CIVIL ARCIIITECT1R K. 



II.I.TT. 



al. 



-to 



AfHwt - 



rr.oM}*rl of Cordova is distinguished by it) capacious- 

 J a great number of low massive pillars : ( Ray'* 

 Tranlt, j>. *>7.) The Saxon style is cnnformable to 

 thrvr relation*. The general form of the oarlirit Saxon 

 ck wa* that of the Basilica, being a simple oblong, 

 . ; ortico and ambulatory. The chief entrance wa* 

 :c) | and at the east end was a circular recess, 

 rcsrsnblmg the Roman tribune, but now appointed to re- 

 Chrittian altar. Addition* were afterwards 

 which completed the form of the crots ; and to- 

 ward* the termination of the Saxon government, tower* 

 . reeled in the west front, and over the centre of 

 the CTOM. The outer wall* were of a great thickness, 

 and had no buttresses. Within the great churches, there 

 were tometune* three stories, which were occupied by 

 the arcade, gallery, and windows. The pillars were 

 short, massive, and round. The arches, in arcades, doors, 

 and window*, were all semicircular. The principal door- 

 case* were decorated with pillars and sculptured capitals. 

 MnHinp Round the arches were mouldings of great variety, with 

 bi reliefs. The mouldings consisted of the indented 

 zig-zag like Etruscan scroll, small squares alternately 

 deeper flourished, with small beads, usually on the capi- 

 tals of pillars; and on some of their latest works, was a 

 carving like a trellis in broad lozenges. The base mould- 

 ings and capitals, though of exact dimensions, similar in 

 man, were much varied in the minute parts : (Dana- 

 way's Obtervalions. Carter's Ancient Architecture in 

 England.) Though it would be difficult to mention 

 many entire edifices now remaining, which are composed 

 wholly of Saxon architecture, yet it may, in numerous 

 instances, be pointed out in particular parts. Of differ- 

 fUificn of ent edifices, Elkstone and Quisington, in Glouceater- 

 Siioo ar. shire, and the whole of Tickenocte church, near Stam- 

 ford, are Saxon ; also, the nave of Oxford cathedral, 

 and sundry parts of St Alban's and Durham ; enrich- 

 ments of door cases and windows will be found in Bar- 

 freston, near Canterbury ; Durham cathedral and palace, 

 Tutbery in Staffordshire, Romsey Hants, and Roches- 

 ter. The door-way, east end of Kenelworth church, 

 ha* the caput bovis, fret mouldings, and patera in the 

 spandrili, ornaments peculiarly Roman. Archaologia, 

 voL x. ; and Lyson's Gloucesterthirc Antiq. 



The manner* of tiie Anglo-Saxons were rude; they Hiv 



! lett-rs, unskilled in mechanic <rt >, and " ~ ~ ' 

 addicted to intemperance, riot, and disorder. The con- Norm.m 

 quest by the Norman* put the , a situation to co " 



receive slo'v 'iroad the rudiments of science and 



cultivation, (Hume.) The Normans were moderate and 

 abstemious, but much disposed to pomp and magnifi- 

 cence in their dress, and likewise in their public and pri- 

 vate buildings. They introduced civility, learning and 

 arts, and restored religion from the neglected state into 

 which it had fallen. Bentham's Entity. 



Previous to the invasion of England, the Normans Edificei in 

 had constructed magnificent edifice* in Normandy ; and Nornuiidy. 

 owing to the frequent intercourse with that place, and 

 the introduction of Normans into the highest, situations 

 in the English church by Edward, who had been bred 

 at that court, and partial to its manners, led to an imita- 

 tion of the Norman style, especially in the Abbey 

 church of Westminster, and in that of St Peter at Clou- Edifice* im 

 ctster, both of which were erected during this reign. England. 

 The Normans, as soon as they had completely sub- Norman 

 dued England, and established themselves in every part arch. 

 of the kingdom, prosecuted the erection of ecclesiastical 

 edifices with great zeal and success. Their style was si- 

 milar to that of the Saxons ; and the chief difference 

 consisted in their being of larger dimensions, in their Character. 

 having plain, but more lofty vaulting, circular pillars 

 of greater diameter, round arches and capitals, with car- 

 vings much more elaborate and various ; but in both 

 there was a total absence of pediments and pinnacles, 

 tabernacles, or niches with canopies. Dallaway's Obser- 

 vations, 



The era of the Norman architecture is reckoned from g ra f rem 

 the conquest, in 1066, to the death of King Stephen in lOGG to 

 1151; and their exertions will appear evident, win n it 1154. 

 is considered, that, during this short period, every quar- 

 ter of the kingdom was ornamented by their works ; and 

 that fifteen English cathedrals, whose origin can be as- 

 certained, exhibit undoubted features of Norman con- 

 struction. The cathedrals of Canterbury and Battle 

 Abbey were two of the finest structures of the conque- 

 ror's reign ; and of the following, the bishops, whose 

 names are annexed, were the architects. 



Cathedrals. Bishops and Architects. 



1077 to 1107 Rochester, Canterbury, and Peterborough, Gundulf, Bishop of Rochester. 



1086 1108 Old St Paul's, Mauritius of London. 



1107 114O Old Sarum Roger of Salisbury. 



1115 1125 Rochester Ernulf of Salisbury completed Gundulf 's works. 



1123 1147 Lincoln rebuilt, Alexander of Lincoln. 



1129 1169 St Cross and Ramsay in Hants, Henry de Blois of Winchester. 



11541181 Roger, Bishop of York. 



During the erection of these works, Norman architec- 

 ture wai brought to perfection, and their magnitude had 

 much exceeded trut of their predecessors ; also, in many 

 instance*, in delicacy and elegance of design, a* in the 

 fine specimen! in Winchritcr cathedral, especially in the 

 portal of the ancient Sacristy, between the east cloister 

 door and south transept, which is the work of Bishop 

 Walkelui, cousin to the conqueror, and finished in 1093; 

 and tin-re is also in the upper pan of the south transept 

 of the Mine cathedral some round intersecting arches, 

 placed by way of ornament upon the outside. These, which 

 were part of the original work, were finished in 1093, prior 

 firtt crusade, and are perhaps the earliest authentic 

 instinct! of the pointed arches in this kingdom. But in 

 the church of St Cross, near Winchester, in the caster 

 ed, conitructcd by Henry I. 1132, are richly orna- 



mented Saxon arches intersecting each other ; which in- 

 tersections are open quite through the wall, constituting 

 highly pointed windows to the number of 20. 



Of the churches in this style, belonging to the greater Churchei 

 Abbeys, the following are fine remains : Malmsbury, belimgiiig 

 Wiltshire ; Dunstable, Bedfordshire; Castle Acre, Nor. to abbey., 

 folk ; Wenlock, Salop ; St Botolph's, Colchester. These 

 magnificent works are a proof of the power, influence, 

 and talents of the ecclesiastics of that period. The Ro- 

 man pontiffs about this, time arrived at the utmost pleni- 

 tude of authority, and they were ably supported by pre- 

 lates of that time. Amongst all the revolutions of civil 

 government, the interests of the church remained pro- 

 tected, and continued regularly to extend its influence. 

 Thi* enabled them to execute works which appear suffi- 

 cient to require the whole revenue of a state. 



