CIVIL ARCHITECTURE. 



511 



History. The palace of Charlemagne at Aix la Chapelle and 



- . ~ ' the church were decorated with the marbles of Rome and 



barle- Ravenna, and executed probably by Italian workmen. 



iagne. The churches built in the time of this prince, were 



proofs of the low ebb of the arts. Here magnificent 



' and beautiful pillars supporting pitiful arches, high walls 



"**" disfigured with uncouth paintings and glittering Mosaic 



work, pillars of different forms placed in the same row, 



pavements composed of various and uneven fragments, 



timber of roofs left naked without ceiling or ornament. 



The churches of St Vincent and Anastasius, and St 



Laurence in Verona,, and St Agnes without the city, 



erected about this time at Rome, are specimens of this 



debased taste ; and the internal walls of old St Peter's 



at Rome, were painted in this rude manner under For- 



mosus I. in 890. 



ouis'i Under Louis, the successor of Charlemagne, the 



difice.. churches and monasteries of St Phillebert, St Florent 

 upon the Loire, of Karoffi, Conches, St Maixant, Me- 

 nat, Manlieu in Auvergne, Moissac, St Savin in Poictou, 

 Nouaille, St Theotfroy, St Paixant, Lolognac near Li- 

 moges, St Marie, St Radegonde d' Agnani, St Laurent 

 and Caunes. It was during his reign that Ebo bishop of 

 Rheims began to rebuild his cathedral, on which occa- 

 sion the king sent his own architect, Rumalde, to carry 

 on the work. 



The Normans began their irruptions, and destroyed 

 a great many churches, i. e. St Owen in Rouen in 842, 

 and the cathedral of Chartres in 850. A few years af- 

 terwards they destroyed St Genevieve at Paris, set fire 

 to St Germain des Prez, and ruined St Martin of Tours. 

 Charles the Bald attempted in vain to check them. Not- 

 withstanding these irruptions, sundry abbeys were built 

 under his reign, as the abbey and church of St Benigne 

 at Dijon. The most celebrated edifice of this period 

 was the abbey of Clugny, built about 910, by Bermo 

 abbot of Balme. Maignard, a canon of St Genevieve, is 

 said to have built the entrance to that church in the 

 reign of Hugh Capet. 



Robert the Pious enabled Morard the abbot of St 

 Germain des Prez to rebuild the church of his convent 

 on a larger scale. St Genevieve was also restored, and 

 a cloister added ; he also made preparations to build 

 a cathedral at Paris on a magnificent scale. Many 

 religious structures were benefited by his encourage- 

 ment. 



The cathedral of Chartres was one of the greatest 

 works of this age. It was said to have been completed 

 by its bishop Fulbert, who died 1028. Its length was 420 

 Dimen- ^ eet > hreadth 108 ; the nave 48 feet wide, with side aisles 

 ioat. 18| feet wide, and 42 feet high ; on each side the choir 



the aisles are double, and the transept, which is 210 

 feet long, contains aisles. There are seven chapels in the 

 Chevet, and the crypt and lower church are very re- 

 gular : This seems the first instance of regular and mag. 

 nificent arrangement in France. Some reckon it to have 

 been completed by Thierri or Theodoric in 1048. The 

 northern part was built afterwards by Jean Cormier, phy- 

 sician to the king. 



Bheiou. ^ ne cnurc ^ of St Remi at Rheims was founded by the 



abbot Hermez, and consecrated in 1049 by Leo IX. and 

 the new cathedral of Scoz was completed (1050) under 

 Azon a monk. 



Ciuguy. The abbey of Clugny, the largest ecclesiastical monu- 



ment in France, was erected about this time. The abbot 

 Odilo collected various marble columns by means of the 

 Rhine ; and Duromer, it is said, constructed a cloister. 

 The present church was probably begun by the same 

 prelate, but the chief part was built by Hugh his suc- 

 cessor, about 1069. It was consecrated in 1169 by In- 



nocent II. the length 620 feet. It has two transepts, 

 the upper one is 200 feet, the lower 120 feet in length. 



The style of the llth century was the same as that of 

 the preceding, but the works were upon a larger scale. 

 With a few exceptions, the oldest buildings now exist- 

 ing in France may be traced to this sera, i. e. St Ger- 

 maine des Prez, St Benigne at Dijon, Chartres, La 

 Charite upon the Loire, and Clugny. 



Barbarous imitations of the Gotkic continued all over 

 Europe, with some difference in features. Saxon church- 

 es in England were inferior in magnitude to the Norman, 

 and the latter differed from those near Paris and in the 

 south of Europe. The Norman churches, though long- 

 er, were rude, and had less skill in sculpture than the 

 French artists, who had improved by imitating the Ro- 

 man works. 



The abbey of St Stephen, raised by William the Con- 

 queror at Caen, and that of the Holy Trinity, founded 

 in the same city, by his queen Matilda, are the chief ex- 

 amples of the Norman introduced into England. 



The Crusades began to rouse mankind, and light was 

 brought from the East. During the 12th century the 

 pointed arch made its appearance in the French edifices, 

 and, in a short time, the Roman or Lombard style was 

 discontinued. Amongst the earliest instances, was that at 

 St Denis, begun by abbot Suguin, in 1137. About the 

 same time the monastery of the Knights Templars at Pa- 

 ris, bore marks of the Gothic ; the tower was built by 

 Huber, treasurer of the order, who died 1222. In 1177, 

 Stephen the abbot determined to rebuild St Genevieve, 

 which he completed before he was made bishop of Tour- 

 nay in 1192. About this time, Maurice de Sully, bi- 

 shop of Paris, began to build the eastern part of the ca- 

 thedral of Notre Dame, but it was not completed for 

 two centuries afterwards. The choir of the cathedral 

 of Lyons seems of this period, and the collegiate church 

 St Nicholas at Amiens, was begun about 1192, and the 

 portal finished in 1200. 



At the beginning of this century the old Lombard 

 mode was practised ; towards the middle this was mixed 

 with pointed arches ; and, before the end of the century, 

 the ancient heavy style was every where discontinued, 

 and the new unmixed Gothic adopted. 



In the thirteenth century, ecclesiastical architecture 

 reached its greatest perfection in France in 1212. Ingol- 

 ramne was employed by abbot Richard to rebuild the ab- 

 bey church of Bee in Normandy ; he was succeeded by 

 Waultier de Meulan, who finished it ; but it was burnt and 

 restored under Pierre de Caniba, about 1273. Rheims 

 cathedral began to display the new style, and at Lyons 

 the body of the cathedral was completed. The cathe- 

 dral of Amiens, the pride of Gothic architecture, was 

 erected by Robert de Lusarches, Thomas de Carmont, 

 and his son Reynault. Notre Dame was carried on by 

 Jean de Cholles ; and Pierre de Mentereau was employ- 

 ed on the chapel and refectory of St Germaine des Prez, 

 and Saint Chapelle, at Paris. Eudes de Montreuil was 

 celebrated for his scientific skill and bold conceptions; he 

 accompanied St Louis to the East, and on his retura 

 was employed in the churches of St Catherine de Val 

 des Ecoliers, St Croix de la Bretonnierre les Quinze- 

 Vingts, the White Monks, the Mathurins, the Carthu- 

 sians, the Cordeliers, and the Hotel Dieu, at Paris ; like- 

 wise the Notre Dame at Mantes ; he died 1289. The 

 vaulting of the roof in the latter astonished Lauflet and 

 Gabriel for its boldness ; the height from the pavement 

 being 96 feet. 



The church and abbey of St Antoine, near Paris, the 

 churches of Filles Dieu, the Jacobins, the Carmelites, 

 and the Cordeliers of Fauxbourg St Marcel, were also 



History. 



Style of the 

 I fth cen- 

 tury. 



Saxon in 

 England 

 inferior to 

 Norman. 



Abbey of 

 St Stephen 

 at C.u-ii. 



Crusades. 



Pointed 

 arch. 



Notre 

 Dame. 



Change of 

 style. 



Abbey of 

 Bee in 



Norman- 



ty 

 Rheims. 



St Antoint, 

 &c. in ?. 

 ru. 



