CIVIL ARCHITECTURE. 



HUwry. 



Baron'i 

 cutle. 



Britain. 



Norman 



foriieii. 



chener 



cattle. 



Cuftdulph. 



Cutlet u.-v 

 der Ec 1 - 

 ward I. 



Con way. 



Caernar- 

 von! 



was not until the whole of Europe was overrun, and the 

 various tribes had settled upon and begun to cultivate 

 different districts, that permanent habitations became an 

 object of attention. The feuds between neighbouring 

 tribes, and the attempts of fresh swarms to dispossess 

 those already settled and partly civilized, led to the con- 

 struction of places of strength ; and these were contri- 

 ved, not only to lodge the chief and his immediate depen- 

 dants, but also to afford protection for cattle and effects 

 in cases of violent attack. The forms of the earliest be- 

 ing very little calculated tor domestic purposes, were 

 probably at first only resorted to occasionally, but they 

 in time became the never-failing appc ndages of every great 

 lordship, and the constant habitation of the baron's fa- 

 mily. 



In Britain, the Saxons most probably preserved and 

 made use of fortresses which had beet constructed by the 

 Romans ; and it h certain, that King Alfred, after ha- 

 ving expelled the Danes, caused many towers to be 

 erected : But it was the Norman conquest which com- 

 pletely covered England with fortified castles upon an 

 improved plan. 



The leading features of a Norman fortress, were a 

 lofty mound of earth encompassed by a very deep ditch. 

 From the summit of the mound rose either a square 

 tower of several etories, or a circular one, which was 

 lower, and of greater diameter. They were usually ap- 

 proached by means of very steep stone stairs on the out- 

 tide. Other material parts were, the gateway or en- 

 trance tower, and the barbican or watch-tower, both of 

 which had a communication with the keep. Most of 

 the keeps had four stories. In the souterain, vaulted 

 with stone, the military engines and stores were deposit- 

 ed. In the walls were placed the winding staircase, the 

 well for water, the large oven, inclosed galleries and 

 chimnies, with an aperture open to the sky, which com- 

 wunicated to the donjon all the light and air it enjoy- 

 ed : There was also a flue, not more than eight inches 

 diameter, for conveying sound to every part. The state 

 apartment occupied the whole of the third story ; and 

 the staircases leading to it were commodious, and some- 

 times sufficiently large to admit of military engines. 

 Adjoining the great chamber was an oratory, lighted by 

 a large window. At Rochester Castle, in the ground- 

 floor, there was no light, loop-holes only were allowed in 

 the second, but in the third were three large round-head, 

 ed arched windows, placed so high as not to be looked 

 through, and so defended by an internal arcade, that no 

 missile weapon could enter or fall with effect. Each 

 floor had communication with the well. The chimnies 

 were capacious, and projected into the room, resting 

 upon small pillars ; and the sinks were contrived in an 

 oblique direction, so that no weapon could enter through 

 them. 



Gundulph, bishop of Rochester, was the most emi- 

 nent castle architect after the conquest. In the Towers 

 of London and Rochester he left models of that sort of 

 architecture. During the reign of Henry II. additions 

 wen made to the iccond ballium, the barbican, and erf- 

 trance tower ; and in these the baron and his family 

 usually resided, having recourse to the keep only during 

 a siege. 



More extended and improved plans were introduced 

 by Edward I. on his return from the crusade, after ha- 

 ving si-en the castles and fortified citk-s of the Levant 

 and Holy Land. Conway, in North Wales, affords an 

 example of a fortified town, cr; .tie, and palace, ,being imi- 

 tated. Caernarvon of a caitle and palace only. Ed- 



VOJL. VI. PART II. 



553 



ward HI. having rendered Windsor a magnificent habi- 

 tation, was itnitatrd by many of his barons ; and. during 

 the contentions of the houses of York and Lancaster, 

 these fortified dwellings were rendered peculiarly grand, 

 by the projecting turrets which were placed at the sa- 

 lient angles, and the liai ging galleries which were con- 

 structed over the gateways. These castles and their 

 outworks frequently occupied several acres of ground. 

 The court was very spacious ; and the halls and state 

 chambers had windows of a magnitude and form similar 

 to those in churches. 



During the reigns of Henry the Seventh and Eighth, 

 houses presenting somewhat of a military appearance, 

 but adapted chiefly for private dwellings, were con- 

 structed : Of this kind were Rajjland in Monmouth- 

 shire, and Thornbury in Gloucestershire. And then.' 

 were others of a still less military app--arance, as Rich- 

 mond and Nonsuch, Hampton Court and Whitehall. 



Some idea of the magnificence of those castles may b<* 

 formed, by examining Windsor, Warwick, Arundel, and 

 Alnwick. And the effect will be nearer the truth, by 

 recollecting, that, in those times, the immediate retainers 

 were very numerous ; and that each great castle was the 

 resort of many dependent lords. Magnificence and pro- 

 fusion were their chief characteristics. The revenues of 

 large posfessions were wholly consumed in feeding, feast- 

 ing, and lodging the dependents of the great barons. 

 But when the contentions of the great were extinguish- 

 ed, the habits and manners changed, and dwellings were 

 adapted wholly to domestic purposes, 



Previous to this time, the Roman manner had been 

 revived in Italy ; and by Palladio, and others in that 

 country, applied with success to private dwellings. The 

 first rudiments of it were introduced into England by 

 Holbein, but he was confined chiefly to portals and por- 

 ticos ; as in that which was once in Westminster oppo- 

 site to Whitehall, also at St James's and Wilton House. 

 After him followed John of Padua, who built the palace 

 of the Protector Somerset in a mixed style. He also fur- 

 nished the plan of Long Leate (see Plate CL-XXV-III.) 

 in Wiltshire, for Sir John Thynne, secretary to the pro- 

 tector. At Long Leate, the elevation is composed of 

 the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders, crowned with a 

 ballustrade. 



Holland House, and that of the Marquis of Salisbury 

 at Hat field, are perfect specimens of the style which pre- 

 vailed during the time of Elizabeth and James I. The 

 characteristics are, very large apartments, galleries of 

 great length, cornices and ceilings heavy and formed in- 

 to deep compartments, halls frequently occupying the 

 whole height of the house, very large square windows 

 divided by stone mullions, and parapets composed of pe- 

 diments of various and singular forms. John Thorpe 

 was the most eminent architect of this age : Burleigh 

 House is his design. 



About thi.i time the attention of the public was at- 

 tracted by a treatise written by Sir H. Wotton, upon 

 the excellence of the Roman style as revived by Palla 

 dio i and Inigo Jones succeeded in introducing it in- 

 to private as well as public edifices. From his genius 

 and taste we have not only derived the Roman style, 

 but, what is of more real importance, the convenience 

 and comfort wh:ch distinguishes English dwellings. The 

 Queen's House, in Greenwich Park, Lindsay House in 

 Lincoln's-Inn-Fields, the east and south sides of Castle 

 Ashbey, Lord Radnor's House at Coleshill, Berks, Stoke 

 Park in Northamptonshire, and the Grange in Hants, 

 are known to be from his designs. 

 4> A 



History. 



Ragland, 

 Thorn- 

 bury. 



Windsor, 

 Warwick, 

 At u nd el, 

 Alnwick. 



Hcvival of 



Roman 



style. 



Holbein. 



John fit 

 Padua. 



PHTK 



CLXXVIII. 



Holland 

 House. 



John 

 Thorpe. 



Sir H. 



Wotton. 



Inigo 



